Stardust-NExT,Deep Impact,and the accelerating spin of 9P/Tempel 1

The evolution of the spin rate of Comet 9P/Tempel 1 through two perihelion passages (in 2000 and 2005) is determined from 1922 Earth-based observations taken over a period of 13 year as part of a World-Wide observing campaign and from 2888 observations taken over a period of 50 days from the Deep Impact spacecraft. We determine the following sidereal spin rates (periods): 209.023 ± 0.025°/dy (41.335 ± 0.005 h) prior to the 2000 perihelion passage, 210.448 ± 0.016°/dy (41.055 ± 0.003 h) for the interval between the 2000 and 2005 perihelion passages, 211.856 ± 0.030°/dy (40.783 ± 0.006 h) from Deep Impact photometry just prior to the 2005 perihelion passage, and 211.625 ± 0.012°/dy (40.827 ± 0.002 h) in the interval 2006–2010 following the 2005 perihelion passage. The period decreased by 16.8 ± 0.3 min during the 2000 passage and by 13.7 ± 0.2 min during the 2005 passage suggesting a secular decrease in the net torque. The change in spin rate is asymmetric with respect to perihelion with the maximum net torque being applied on approach to perihelion. The Deep Impact data alone show that the spin rate was increasing at a rate of 0.024 ± 0.003°/dy/dy at JD2453530.60510 (i.e., 25.134 dy before impact), which provides independent confirmation of the change seen in the Earth-based observations.The rotational phase of the nucleus at times before and after each perihelion and at the Deep Impact encounter is estimated based on the Thomas et al. (Thomas et al. [2007]. Icarus 187, 4–15) pole and longitude system. The possibility of a 180° error in the rotational phase is assessed and found to be significant. Analytical and physical modeling of the behavior of the spin rate through of each perihelion is presented and used as a basis to predict the rotational state of the nucleus at the time of the nominal (i.e., prior to February 2010) Stardust-NExT encounter on 2011 February 14 at 20:42.We find that a net torque in the range of 0.3–2.5 × 10⁷ kg m² s^?2 acts on the nucleus during perihelion passage. The spin rate initially slows down on approach to perihelion and then passes through a minimum. It then accelerates rapidly as it passes through perihelion eventually reaching a maximum post-perihelion. It then decreases to a stable value as the nucleus moves away from the Sun. We find that the pole direction is unlikely to precess by more than ～1° per perihelion passage. The trend of the period with time and the fact that the modeled peak torque occurs before perihelion are in agreement with published accounts of trends in water production rate and suggests that widespread H₂O out-gassing from the surface is largely responsible for the observed spin-up.     

离子束抛光工艺中驻留时间的分步消去算法

在离子束抛光工艺中,驻留时间的求解是很关键的。求解驻留时间是利用离子束加工函数和驻留时间的卷积等于镜面去除量的关系,而离子束抛光的过程就是一个执行解卷积的过程。受此启发,采用一种分步消去算法解矩阵的卷积运算。这种新算法占用计算机资源少,运算速度快,同时可以根据预先设定的加工精度算得满足要求的驻留时间函数。对这种新算法进行仿真分析,采用3种不同的消去顺序分步加工,得到了理想的仿真结果,PV值由抛光前的363.721 nm分别减小到6.136 nm、33.347 nm、3.875 nm,抛光后的镜面精度提高了很多。     

光纤式积分视场光谱仪实验研究

在几种适合用来对面天体进行分光测量的仪器中,积分视场光谱仪(Integral Field Spectrograph,IFS)因为能同时获得面源的光谱信息而备受关注.基于对IFS的初步研究,在实验室中进行光纤式IFS实验,取得一定进展后再将实验设备用于云南天文台2.4 m望远镜,对特定的天体进行测量,从而为科学级IFS的...     

赣南地热气体起源的同位素与地球化学证据

对取自赣南地区10个温泉的地热气体进行了气体化学成分及氦、碳、氖同位素组成的分析。该区地热气体可分为CO₂型和N₂型两种类型。CO₂型地热气体分布在赣南东南部地区,主要成分是CO₂,占总体积96.47%以上,二氧化碳气体的δ¹³C值为 -5.50‰～-3.49‰（PDB）,平均为 -4.66‰,为幔源无机成因,其氦同位素组成为1.36～2.27 R_a,具有明显的幔源成因特征,最高约有28.2%的氦源于地幔,其N₂-Ar-He关系研究表明,该型地热气体中的氮源于地幔-地壳-大气混合成因。研究揭示该区CO₂型地热气体属幔源无机成因气,是地幔脱气作用的产物。N₂型地热气体分布在赣南西部地区,N₂含量占91.04%以上,其中二氧化碳气体的δ¹³C值为 -23.7‰～-12.6‰,平均为 -17.82‰,为壳源有机成因,其氦同位素组成为0.06～0.13 R_a,具有明显的壳源放射性成因特征,³He/⁴He 与 ⁴He/²⁰Ne关系和He-Ar-N₂关系研究表明,N₂型温泉气主要来源于大气,并有壳源气体的贡献。     

基于机器学习的贫困地区识别算法对比——以陕西省为例

以传统社会经济指标为主导的贫困识别依赖于详尽的普查抽查数据,收集和处理不同质量和数量的普查抽查数据来研究区域贫困需要耗费大量的人力物力和时间,难以快速动态地监测贫困状态。然而时间分辨率高且客观易获取的夜间灯光数据可以在一定程度上弥补统计数据的劣势,即时地反映地表社会经济现象。机器学习算法能够从这些数据中学习出规律和模式,从中挖掘出潜在信息来识别贫困地区。基于陕西省NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据,通过构造多维统计变量,利用逻辑回归、支持向量机、K近邻、随机森林、决策树和梯度提升树6种监督分类算法识别贫困地区。结果表明从夜间灯光数据提取的多维特征能够更好的应用于贫困地区的识别,6种算法都能够准确的识别贫困地区,分类结果在空间上具有相似性,且表现出一定的地域性,分类准确度达到76.82%~83.20%。根据混淆矩阵进一步对比各个算法的特点,认为随机森林算法在误差偏移和分类精度等方面综合表现最佳。     

祁连山自然保护区煤矿修复区地表节肢动物分布特征及其影响因素

恢复人工植被是祁连山自然保护区矿区废弃地修复的主要手段,经过近5年的修复,矿区废弃地修复区地上植被盖度明显提高,但关于作为评价土壤修复效果重要指标的土壤动物群落变化的认识还很有限。以祁连山自然保护区典型煤矿废弃地为研究对象,采用野外调查的方法对比研究了煤矿修复区和毗邻区（原始地貌）大型土壤动物分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）修复区植物丰富度、生物量、盖度及土壤粗砂、有机质、全氮含量均显著低于毗邻区（P<0.05）,而土壤水分、细砂、黏粉粒、全钾和全磷含量差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）修复区土壤动物活动密度和多样性均显著高于毗邻区,修复区和毗邻区土壤动物均以蝗科（12.7%和55.7%）和蚁科（14.4%和49.6%）为主;进房沟、水磨沟和柳树沟煤矿修复区及毗邻区土壤动物群落相似性分别为39.9%、52.9%和43.4%。（3）土壤有机质含量是影响煤矿修复区和对照区捕食性土壤动物群落变化的主要因子,而草本物种数和土壤粗砂含量是影响植食性土壤动物群落变化的主要因子。总之,人工修复后煤矿废弃地修复区土壤动物个体数均高于对照区,部分矿区修复生境类群丰富度及多样性已经超过了毗邻区,这表明蚂蚁、步甲和蝗虫等地表节肢动物对煤矿矿区覆土恢复植被和封禁等措施驱动的植被和土壤环境变化响应敏感。因此,还需要优化植被及土壤修复模式,提高土壤动物多样性及多功能性,使矿区废弃地生态环境能够得到快速修复。     

Susceptibility assessments of the Wenchuan earthquake-triggered landslides in Longnan using logistic regression

In this study a Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility assessment was carried out in the Longnan area in northwestern China using a GIS-based logistic regression model. This region has frequently been affected by landslides in the past, and was intensively affected by the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake which received considerable international attention. The data used for this study consist of the landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake and a landslide pre-disposing factor database. Information regarding the landslide causative factors came from additional data sources, such as a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 30 × 30 m² resolution, orthophotos, geological and land-use maps, precipitation records, and information on peak ground acceleration data from the 2008 earthquake. The statistical analysis of the relationship between the Wenchuan earthquake-triggered landslides and pre-disposing factors showed the great influence of lithological and topographical conditions on slope failures. The quality of susceptibility mapping was validated by splitting the study area into training and validation sections. The prediction capability analysis demonstrated that the landslide susceptibility map could be used for land planning as well as emergency planning by local authorities.     

Drought–flood variation and its correlation with runoff in three headstreams of Tarim River, Xinjiang, China

The Tarim River lies in the inland area of Northwest China, which has a semiarid or arid climate. Because of relatively scarce precipitation in this area, the main water resource is runoff from a mountainous drainage basin. It is very important to ascertain variations of regular hydrologic and meteorological time series data. Through the use of monthly precipitation and hydrologic data in the three headstream mountain areas of the Tarim River over the past 50 years, this work analyzes the variation of a drought–flood index and annual runoff volume, along with spatio-temporal structures of the index related to runoff at multiple time scales, via non-parametric testing and a wavelet transform method. Wavelet transform can clearly demonstrate many characteristics of the time series, including trend, shift, and major periods. Based on the analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) the drought–flood indices showed increasing trends for the Aksu and Yarkand rivers, and rose non-significantly for Hotan River. The indices of the three headstreams changed remarkably (p < 0.05) in 1986. The curves of wavelet variance show that significant periods of the indices are 4 and 8 years for Aksu and Hotan rivers, and 8 and 10 years for Yarkand River; (2) runoff of the Aksu and Hotan rivers had significant periods of 6 and 8 years, plus 3 and 9 years for Hotan River; (3) there was significant correlation between the drought–flood indices and annual runoff volume in the three headstreams. The results provide important information toward achieving predictability of flood and drought in Northwest China.     

Biofilms on the surface of gravels and aquatic plants in rivers and lakes with reusing reclaimed water

Reuse of reclaimed water for the eco-environmental water has become an effective measure to resolve the urban water crisis. However, it still contains large amounts of contaminants which may significantly affect the aquatic ecosystems. Biofilm attached on the surface of multiple matrixes in rivers and lakes is one of the indicators for describing the health of aquatic ecosystem. In this article, we chose eight rivers and lakes as the sampling locations, including three kinds of reclaimed water with different treatment processes and natural water. The morphology, structure and component characteristics of biofilms attached on the surface of aquatic plants and gravels in eight water bodies were evaluated. The results showed that the biofilm on the matrix surface were typical porous media with basic skeleton composed of inorganic particles, microorganisms and algae. The pores were filled with the viscous extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by microorganisms. The biofilms contained calcite, quartz, illite, alkali feldspar, dolomite, clinochlore, goethite and inorganic salt, and approximately 50 % of these compositions are calcite and quartz. The concentration of EPS was 20.78–500.44 μg/mL, and that of the gravel biofilms was less than that in aquatic plants by 18.1–75.3 %. In these three reclaimed waters, 4–7 kinds of PLFA (phospholipid fatty acid) were detected in aquatic plants biofilms, more than one or two kinds than in gravel biofilms. And the dominant PLFA were i15:0 and 18:0, the total contents of which were, respectively, 74.4, 62.9 and 85.9 % in the three kinds of reclaimed water. All biofilm samples contain major microorganisms such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Comamonas. This study is aimed to provide some support for assessing the health of river–lake ecosystem with biofilm indicator.     

中国典型地区土壤碳储量研究

利用多目标区域地球化学调查高精度和高密度土壤碳分布数据,建立"单位土壤碳量",采用指数模型计算方法,取得各地区土壤碳储量数据.按照土壤类型、土地利用分类、生态系统及自然景观等划分方式,按照 0～0.2m,0～1.0m和 0～1.8m不同土壤深度,分析了四川、湖南、吉林、江苏、河北、陕西等代表性地区有机碳储量空间分布特征,进行中国土壤碳储量研究.计算结果表明,全国土壤碳储量分布不均匀.按照 0～1.8m深度比较,成都平原土壤碳储量为1462.9Mt,碳密度为24813t/km2; 吉林平原区碳储量1381.96Mt,碳密度14473t/km2; 湖南洞庭湖区碳储量757.65Mt,碳密度18171t/km2; 江苏省碳储量1468.87Mt,碳密度13802t/km2; 陕西渭河平原碳储量165.47Mt,碳密度12124t/km2; 河北平原区碳储量844.84Mt,碳密度10525t/km2.按照面积加权平均计算,推算出全国多目标区域地球化学调查地区平均碳密度,0～0.2m为3186t/km2,0～1.0m为11646t/km2,0～1.8m为15339t/km2.