地壳全元素配套分析方案及分析质量监控系统

依据有关的标准和规定要求,在76种元素地球化学填图配套分析方案及分析质量监控系统的基础上,建立了地壳岩石和土壤样品中81个指标(包含76个元素)的配套分析方案和分析质量监控系统。建立了新的岩石样品无污染加工流程,主量元素采用熔融制片-X射线荧光光谱法进行测定,并进行主量元素的加和控制,提升了主量元素的分析准确度和精密度,实现了对地壳全部元素的高准确度、高精度分析。     

WMO第八届阳江国际探空比对辅助遥感综合试验

第八届阳江国际探空比对辅助遥感综合试验为分析探空仪系统在高空出入云的温湿特性,评估高层云红外辐射对温度传感器的影响以及湿度传感器的系统偏差提供有力帮助。通过试验,还评估了国产X波段双偏振雷达与毫米波云雷达的优缺点和性能差异,以及国产多普勒激光雷达、微脉冲激光雷达的探测性能和应用能力,在改进微波辐射计温湿反演算法、X波段偏振雷达参数的云中粒子相态模糊逻辑识别算法,以及多普勒天气雷达风场反演、云分类算法、高空业务测风算法等方面开展广泛研究并取得一定进展。试验还利用先进的各类遥感设备对阳江热带地区的云、局地对流以及海陆风系统的结构进行了观测和分析,取得了较好的研究结果。     

东昆仑活动带断裂库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究

On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment, is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in geological history, with the average slip rate reaching(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of the Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect fault motion in the future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault plane of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In this research, we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rateand state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake research, historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers, we obtained the parameters of this model. Through numerical simulation of the rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the next 6500 years under different slip rates, we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of the earthquake. For example, the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a, which agrees with previous research, but, the recurrence interval will be 1000~1500a and 2100～2500a, corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a, respectively. The fault slip rate has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and fault displacement in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has an effect on the earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen the earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time, the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rates and fault displacement when earthquakes occur.     

Hugoniot equation of state of olivine and its geodynamic implications

Large olivine samples were hot-pressed synthesized for shock wave experiments. The shock wave experiments were carried out at pressure range between 11 and 42 GPa. Shock data on olivine sample yielded a linear relationship between shock wave velocity D and particle velocity u described by D=3.56(?0.13)+2.57(?0.12)u. The shock temperature is determined by an energy relationship which is approximately 790°C at pressure 28 GPa. Due to low temperature and short experimental duration, we suggest that no phase change occurred in our sample below 30 GPa and olivine persisted well beyond its equilibrium boundary in metastable phase. The densities of metastable olivine are in agreement with the results of static compression. At the depth shallower than 410 km, the densities of metastable olivine are higher than those of the PREM model, facilitating cold slab to sink into the mantle transition zone. However, in entire mantle transition zone, the shock densities are lower than those of the PREM model, hampering cold slab to flow across the "660 km" phase boundary.     

断裂对塔北地区哈拉哈塘油田奥陶系非暴露岩溶缝洞型储集层的控制作用*

塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩缝洞型储集层形成机理复杂,非均质性极强。当前以塔河油田为代表的潜山风化壳缝洞型储集层是碳酸盐岩地层暴露地表受到大气淡水淋滤所形成的,而在塔北地区哈拉哈塘油田奥陶系发育的非暴露区仍存在大量非暴露岩溶缝洞型储集层。在充分认识该油田区域构造背景的基础上,选取油田非暴露区典型区块,应用岩石学、地球化学等资料,对非暴露岩溶缝洞型储集层进行研究。研究认为:(1)大气淡水是非暴露区岩溶作用最关键的岩溶流体,岩溶储集层的形成并不受热液影响;(2)非暴露区存在“三期三级”构造缝和“两期三级”走滑断裂,断裂及伴生构造裂缝是非暴露区岩溶缝洞型储集层发育的必要条件;(3)从断裂对岩溶的控制出发将缝洞型储集层细分为早期断裂和明河双控洞穴、晚期断控洞穴、早期裂缝孔洞和晚期微裂缝孔洞4类;(4)非暴露区非暴露缝洞型储集层先后经历了加里东中期断裂发育、良里塔格组水系下切溶蚀、晚加里东—早海西期断裂发育3个主要过程。此研究深化了非暴露缝洞型储集层的形成机理,并在一定程度上拓宽了非暴露区岩溶储集层勘探开发的思路。     

洪水型季节性河流砂岩中碎屑黏土的岩石学特征及其研究意义

洪水型季节性河流砂岩以碎屑黏土含量高为特征。按照组构,碎屑黏土可划分为泥质内碎屑、机械渗滤黏土和成壤泥质凝聚体。泥质内碎屑主要分布于河道砂岩的底部。机械渗滤黏土包括脊状和桥状、示底组构、松散聚集、胶膜和块状聚集体5种类型,其空间分布受控于潜水面波动和河道下切或迁移。成壤泥质凝聚体往往分布于具有纹理或交错层理的砂岩或粉砂岩、滞留沉积、大型槽状层理砂岩与河道充填序列的顶部。机械渗滤黏土是导致河流相砂岩储层非均质性的重要因素之一,砒砂岩的侵蚀脆弱性可能与高含碎屑蒙皂石有关。     

致密砂岩储集层成岩相的测井识别与评价:以冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷古近系沙河街组三段为例*

充分利用岩心、薄片和钻测井等资料,对冀中坳陷饶阳凹陷沙河街组三段致密砂岩储集层的成岩作用、成岩相特征进行了研究。结果表明,沙三段砂岩储集层经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀和破裂等成岩作用,现今正处于中成岩A期。根据成岩作用类型和强度、成岩矿物等将储集层成岩相划分为压实致密、黏土矿物充填、碳酸盐胶结、不稳定组分溶蚀和中等压实弱胶结5种成岩相类型。选取声波时差、自然伽马和电阻率等测井曲线,通过岩心、薄片资料刻度测井曲线,归纳了不同成岩相的测井响应特征,由此建立了各成岩相的测井识别标准,实现了单井纵向上成岩相的识别与划分,探讨了单井纵向上成岩相分布规律。成岩相识别结果与试油结论以及物性分析匹配良好。成岩相的深入分析是致密砂岩储集层甜点预测的重要方法。     

P- and S-wavefield simulations using both the first- and second-order separated wave equations through a high-order staggered grid finite-difference method

In seismic exploration, it is common practice to separate the P-wavefield from the S-wavefield by the elastic wavefield decomposition technique, for imaging purposes. However, it is sometimes difficult to achieve this, especially when the velocity field is complex. A useful approach in multi-component analysis and modeling is to directly solve the elastic wave equations for the pure P- or S-wavefields, referred as the separate elastic wave equations. In this study, we compare two kinds of such wave equations: the first-order (velocity–stress) and the second-order (displacement–stress) separate elastic wave equations, with the first-order (velocity–stress) and the second-order (displacement–stress) full (or mixed) elastic wave equations using a high-order staggered grid finite-difference method. Comparisons are given of wavefield snapshots, common-source gather seismic sections, and individual synthetic seismogram. The simulation tests show that equivalent results can be obtained, regardless of whether the first-order or second-order separate elastic wave equations are used for obtaining the pure P- or S-wavefield. The stacked pure P- and S-wavefields are equal to the mixed wave fields calculated using the corresponding first-order or second-order full elastic wave equations. These mixed equations are computationally slightly less expensive than solving the separate equations. The attraction of the separate equations is that they achieve separated P- and S-wavefields which can be used to test the efficacy of wave decomposition procedures in multi-component processing. The second-order separate elastic wave equations are a good choice because they offer information on the pure P-wave or S-wave displacements.     

再论鄂尔多斯盆地寒武纪岩相古地理及沉积构造演化

鄂尔多斯盆地深部是目前我国石油领域研究的热点。在构造控制沉积的思想指导下,运用层序地层学理论,以野外露头观察、岩心观察、测井和地震剖面研究为基础,以单因素分析-综合编图为方法,以盆地寒武纪构造-沉积演化为主线,以储层-成藏为目标,首次编制了三级层序地层格架下的鄂尔多斯盆地寒武纪岩相古地理图。本区寒武纪具有一个由清水与浑水交替出现的碳酸盐岩缓坡向台地、局限台地演化的动态过程,而且古气候也有一个由干旱向相对潮湿演变的趋势。早期近南北分异,晚期近东西向分异。早期南部存在奥拉谷。中晚期除北部和西缘部分地区外,鄂尔多斯古陆基本被海水覆盖,完成了从陆到海的转变,形成了以陆表海浅水台地为主要特点的古地理格局。“古鄂尔多斯海”的形成是环境变化的转折点。晚期西部发生隆起,这是鄂尔多斯盆地“中央古隆起”的雏形。该隆起走向近南北,与奥陶纪中央古隆起范围基本相同。通过构造沉积-演化分析,首次明确了“中央古陆”最早的形成时间为寒武纪芙蓉世到早奥陶世,也明确了鄂尔多斯盆地寒武纪早期潮坪相为优势相带、而张夏组鲕粒滩具环陆分布特点、三山子多孔白云岩主要发生于寒武系上部,具有全区分布特点。怀远运动是寒武系顶部遭受风化剥蚀而发生岩溶作用的主因。祁连洋的俯冲作用是鄂尔多斯古陆发生变异的主要动力。怀远运动形成的寒武系顶部（包括部分下奥陶统）不整合面可能是最重要的深部勘探方向。     

Regional scale rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility assessment in Wudu County, China

Wudu County in northwestern China frequently experiences large-scale landslide events.High-magnitude earthquakes and heavy rainfall events are the major triggering factors in the region.The aim of this research is to compare and combine landslide susceptibility assessments of rainfalltriggered and earthquake-triggered landslide events in the study area using Geographical Information System(GIS) and a logistic regression model.Two separate susceptibility maps were produced using inventories reflecting single landslide-triggering events,i.e.,earthquakes and heavy rain storms.Two groups of landslides were utilized: one group containing all landslides triggered by extreme rainfall events between 1995 and 2003 and the other group containing slope failures caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Subsequently,the individual maps were combined to illustrate the locations of maximum landslide probability.The use of the resulting three landslide susceptibility maps for landslide forecasting,spatial planning and for developing emergency response actions are discussed.The combined susceptibility map illustrates the total landslide susceptibility in the study area.