微型化大气电场检测仪的设计

针对目前电场检测仪体积大,成本高,操作复杂等问题,研制了一套微型化大气电场检测仪系统。该系统以电容作为传感器感知单元,两相四线步进电机作为传感器感知单元转动的载体,使用含内置A/D转换的STC12LE2052AD单片机进行数据采集,简化了电路的设计。无线蓝牙模块与数据采集系统相结合实现了实时显示的功能,最后将接收到的数据通过上位机显示出来。硬件部分设计了信号的放大滤波电路、A/D转换电路及数据采集与处理电路。利用MATLAB仿真,C语言编程,调试结果表明各项功能符合设计要求,并获得了误差小于4%的高精度测量结果。     

Retrieval of CDOM and DOC Using In Situ Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study for Potable Waters in Northeast China

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), the light absorbing fraction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), together with phytoplankton and total suspended matter are the main optically active components could be retrieved by remote sensing data. Generally, different composition of DOC and CDOM corresponds to different water surface reflectance. Absorption properties of CDOM and retrieval models for CDOM and DOC were investigated with data from potable reservoirs located in the central of Jilin Province. Water sampling field surveys were conducted on 15, 16 and 19 of September 2012 across the Shitoukoumen, Erlonghu and Xilicheng reservoirs, respectively. Both empirical regression (single band model and band ratio model) and partial least squares coupled with back-propagation artificial neural models (PLSBPNN) were established to estimate CDOM absorption coefficient at 355 nm [a_CDOM(355)] and DOC concentration with in situ measured remote sensing reflectance. It was found that the band ratio models and PLSBPNN model performed well for estimating DOC concentration while the band ratio models yielded the best result in retrieval CDOM. Moreover, all the three models performed better on the DOC concentration estimation than the performance on a_CDOM(355). Band ratio models outperformed (R ² ?=?0.55) other models for estimating CDOM absorption coefficient, while PLSBPNN model outperformed other models with respect to DOC estimation (R ² ?=?0.93). High spectral slope values indicated that CDOM in the potable waters primarily comprised low molecular weight organic substances; while sources of DOC were mainly coming from exogenous input, which was the main reason lead to the difference of model performances on DOC and a_CDOM(355) estimation. The algorithms developed in this study is needed to be tested and refined with more in situ spectral data, also future work is still needed to be undertaken for characterizing the dynamic of the potable water quality with remotely sensed imagery.     

大气对微波散射计回波信号衰减的修正方法研究

为了使微波散射计测得的海面后向散射具有足够的精度，必须考虑大气对微波衰减的影响。大气对微波的衰减可以用微波射计来测定。本文将估算晴空、云和降雨天气下的衰减系，讨论计算海面发射率及用微波辐射计剩余亮温估算散射计工作频率下大气衰减的方法。     

Palaeoceanological significance of Holocene ostracean banks in Tianjin area

On the basis of the study of ostracean banks in Tianjin area, the present study recognized that the ostracean banks at Ninghe County in Tianjin area are well developed along the west coast of the Bohai Sea; they consist of thanato-coenose and taphocoenose from Crassistrea gigars and C. revularis. From the 14C datings it can be known that the banks had formed from early Middle-Holocene and continued up to over 2 ka BP (14C age). The top has different reliefs . Although there is an effect of spatial shift of estuary position, the top is only distributed in the range of-0. 50--2. 50 m(Huanghai elevation minus National elevation system). The banks cannot explain the sea-level fluctuation. As the string ostracean banks are distributed near E-W direction, it suggests that the direction of tidal currents was then similar to that of the present day.     

一个标量场的客观分析方法和资料点空间结构的设计

这是一个根据Ｇａｕｓｓ－Ｍａｒｋｏｖ原理建立的标量场客观分析方法，并在资料的模拟中得到了应用。在这个方法的推导过程中还给出了计算ｒ．ｍ．ｓ误差的公式。通过试错调整格点的空间结构，可以设计出有效的空间取样阵列。本文使用这个方法对温度场、气压场和高度场分别进行了分析．试验结果表明这个方法简单、方便，分析结果令人满意。     

几种海洋弧菌的密度感应系统及其信号干扰

密度感应(quorun sensing，QS)是细菌通过感受种群密度的变化而控制特定基因表达的一种机制(Miller et al.,2001)。密度感应细菌可以产生和释放特定的化学信号分子,称为自诱导分子(autoinducer，AI)，其浓度随着细菌密度的增加而增加。当少量细菌分泌的自诱导分子进入环境后,由于其浓度太低而无法被细菌中的受体蛋白检测到；但是,当细菌达到一定密度后,自诱导分子的浓度超过一定的阈值.受体蛋白与自诱导分子结合,并将此信号传导到细胞内,特异性地调控特定基因的表达。迄今为止的研究表明,许多细菌都可分泌化学信号分子来协调种群的活动，这些化学信号的种类是多种多样的,而且同一种细菌可以利用多种化学信号和复杂的调节环路来进行通讯。细菌种内和种间的通讯对细菌的存活及与自然生境之间的相互作用至关重要(Miller et al.,2001) 迄今为止研究的密度感应系统主要可分为3类:一类以酰基高丝氨酸内脂(acylated homoserine lactoes，AHL)为自诱导分子,如:费氏弧菌(Vibrio fischeri);一类以多肽为自诱导分子,如:革兰氏阳性细菌;一类是以哈维氏弧菌(V. harveyi)为代表的密度感应系统。在系统中有3种类型的信号分子( Miller et al.2001; Defoirdt et al.2004,Henke et al,2004)作者将着重介绍与海洋弧菌的密度感应系统、信号干扰及其应用相关的研究成果,为今后进一步的研究提供依据。     

海带幼孢子体的光合碳利用

于1999年10月，采用pH移移技术研究了海带幼孢子虫的无机碳源利用途径以及无机碳对幼孢子体光合碳利用的影响。结果表明，在天然海水中（pH=8.1-8.3)，海带幼孢子体外源无机碳的利用形式主要是HCO3^-,HCO3^-由质膜外碳酸酐酶（CA）将HCO3^-水解成CO2，以游离CO2形式扩散进入细胞，占全部无机碳供应的75％。游离CO2只占所吸收总无机碳的25％；在游离CO2浓度接近于零（pH=9.1)时，幼孢子体的全部无机碳源均来自于HCO3^-的水解。提高海水中无机碳的浓度能增加海带对无机碳的利用量，当无机碳浓度达到3．5mmol/L时，无机碳的利用速率达到最大值，说明天然海水中的无机碳不能满足其最大生长的需要。     

Experimental Study on the Interaction Mechanism of Cap—Pile Group—Soil

Static load tests on pile group with prototype size were carried out in order to study the behavior and the working properties of the cap—pile group—soil interaction in the pile group foundation. The soil resistance under the cap, the pile shaft resistance and the tip resistance were measured by installing various measuring gauges. Based on these test results, the cap—pile group—soil interaction characteristics were analyzed. The regulations of the soil reaction on the cap, the shaft resistance and the tip resistance of pile, the mechanism of load transfer have been discussed with comparison to the result of the single pile tests. The bearing capacity of pile group is greater than the sum of the bearing capacity of the single pile obtained from testing in the same site in pile group foundation in the case presented here.     

Near-Wake Turbulent Flow Structure and Mixing Length Downstream of a Fractal Tree

In order to study the turbulence structure behind a multiscale tree-like element in a boundary layer, detailed particle image velocimetry measurements are carried out in the near-wake of a fractal-like tree. The tree is a pre-fractal with five generations, each consisting of three branches and a scale-reduction factor of 1/2 between consecutive generations. Detailed mean velocity and turbulence stress profiles are documented, as well as their downstream development. Scatter plots of mean velocity gradient (transverse shear in the wake) and Reynolds shear stress exhibit a good linear relation at all locations in the flow. Therefore, in the transverse direction of the wake evolution, the data support the Boussinesq eddy-viscosity concept. The measured mixing length increases with streamwise distance, in agreement with classic wake expansion rates. Conversely, the measured eddy viscosity and mixing length in the transverse direction decrease with increasing elevation, which differs from the behaviours measured in the vertical direction in traditional boundary layers or in canopy flows studied before. In order to find an appropriate single length scale to describe the wake evolution behind a multiscale object, two models are proposed, based on the notion of superposition of scales. One approach is based on the radial spectrum of the object while the second is based on its length-scale distribution evaluated using fractal geometry tools. Both proposed models agree well with the measured mixing length. The results suggest that information about multiscale clustering of branches must be incorporated into models of the mixing length for flows through single or sparse canopies of multiscale trees.     

Spatial and temporal variability of temperature,precipitation, and streamflow in upper Sang‐kan basin,China

Temporal streamflow variability in an inland hydrologic station and temporal trends and frequency changes at three weather stations in a semiarid river basin located in Loess Plateau, China, were detected by using linear regression, Mann–Kendall analysis, and wavelet transform methods. Double cumulative curve and ordered clustering were used to identify the hydrological periods of upper Sang‐kan (USK) basin between 1957 and 2012. The results indicate that (1) precipitation in the USK basin over the study period did not show any trend, while the temperature showed a significant increase; (2) streamflow flowing out of the USK basin indicated a significant decrease; (3) two distinct hydrological periods – the ‘natural period’ from 1957 to 1984 and the ‘human impact period’ from 1985 to 2012 – were present; and (4) the contributions of climate change and human activities to reduce the streamflow were 36.9% and 63.1% respectively. The results indicate that human activities may be contributing to a decrease in streamflow in the USK basin. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.