RECENT CHANGES OF SELECTED LAKE WATER RESOURCES IN ARID XINJIANG,NORTHWESTERN CHINA

新疆干旱区处于内陆腹地,降水稀少而蒸发量大,区内湖泊经长期自然演化后多为盐湖和咸水湖.近几十年来,在气候持续增暖和人类活动驱动下,湖泊波动变化频繁,对湖泊资源环境及其区域生态环境产生重大影响.本文通过新疆地区山地、平原等不同地貌单元的6个淡水和微咸水湖泊的水量、水质状况分析和对比研究,进行了近期湖泊水资源变化分析.研究表明,近十多年来,喀纳斯湖和赛里木湖等山地湖泊有一定的扩展,但湖泊的水量和水质没有明显的变化.博斯腾湖和柴窝堡湖等山前绿洲湖泊以及乌伦古湖和吉力湖等河流尾间湖泊总体收缩,水体咸化.湖泊的变化总体上是对区域气候变化的响应,但湖泊流域人类活动和湖盆形态特征等方面的不同,导致湖泊演化过程的空间差异.湖泊水质变化与湖泊水量变化具有明显的对应关系,湖泊水量增加水体淡化,反之咸化.近十多年来,山地湖泊赛里木湖和喀纳斯湖水质变化相对稳定,山前绿洲湖泊博斯腾湖和柴窝堡湖水质则持续恶化,而河流尾闾湖泊乌伦古湖和吉力湖水质变化波动较大,并从2008年开始逐渐好转,处于水化学类型易变的过渡阶段.     

WMO第八届阳江国际探空比对辅助遥感综合试验

第八届阳江国际探空比对辅助遥感综合试验为分析探空仪系统在高空出入云的温湿特性,评估高层云红外辐射对温度传感器的影响以及湿度传感器的系统偏差提供有力帮助。通过试验,还评估了国产X波段双偏振雷达与毫米波云雷达的优缺点和性能差异,以及国产多普勒激光雷达、微脉冲激光雷达的探测性能和应用能力,在改进微波辐射计温湿反演算法、X波段偏振雷达参数的云中粒子相态模糊逻辑识别算法,以及多普勒天气雷达风场反演、云分类算法、高空业务测风算法等方面开展广泛研究并取得一定进展。试验还利用先进的各类遥感设备对阳江热带地区的云、局地对流以及海陆风系统的结构进行了观测和分析,取得了较好的研究结果。     

踏遍青山寻宝藏——记我国“地质找矿重大贡献地质工作者”廖士范先生

简要叙述了老一辈地质学家、贵州省地矿局原副总工程师廖士范先生在我国,特别是在贵州地质事业发展中的主要贡献.缅怀了他坚持真理、敢讲真话的人格风貌,以及执着地质、勤于著述的学者风范,表达了贵州地质后学对他的敬佩、景仰和怀念之情.     

东昆仑活动带断裂库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究

On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment, is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in geological history, with the average slip rate reaching(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of the Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect fault motion in the future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault plane of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In this research, we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rateand state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake research, historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers, we obtained the parameters of this model. Through numerical simulation of the rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the next 6500 years under different slip rates, we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of the earthquake. For example, the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a, which agrees with previous research, but, the recurrence interval will be 1000~1500a and 2100～2500a, corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a, respectively. The fault slip rate has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and fault displacement in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has an effect on the earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen the earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time, the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rates and fault displacement when earthquakes occur.     

河北邯郸-邢台地区波速比和泊松比分布特征研究

根据多台和达法,利用邯郸—邢台地区9个数字地震台的观测数据研究了该区波速比和泊松比分布特征.结果显示:(1)9个小区域波速比值在1.696～1.737之间,相关系数在0.988 3～0.999 1之间,研究区平均波速比值为1.719,平均泊松比值为0.244,所得泊松比值与研究区内地壳介质以花岗岩为主一致.(2)研究区内波速比和泊松比变化比较复杂,反映了区内上地壳介质性质的不同乖地质构造的复杂性.     

Three-dimensional modeling of pollutants transportation in the flow field around a spur dyke

Pollutants are carried by sediment-laden flow dissolved in water or adsorbed on sediment particles. A transient three-dimensional model based on a compressible VOF(volume of fluid) method was developed to simulate the transport of dissolved and particulate pollutants.VOF is a numerical technique for acquiring and tracking the free surface of water flow.Local scouring,deposition and re-suspension were simulated and the processes of adsorption and desorption of pollutants on suspended sediment were analyzed.A series of experiments and numerical simulations were performed to study the transportation and dispersion of pollutants in the flow around a non-submerged spur dyke in a straight flume of rectangular shape.The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results.A certain volume of pollutants solution was released into the flow at upstream of the spur dyke.The concentration reduced with time.The concentration reduction was slower in the circumfluence zone than in the main flow.The ratio of adsorption to desorption coefficients was different for pollutants on suspended sediment with different diameter.The peak concentration of dissolved pollutants increased with the ratio of the adsorption to the desorption coefficients.The angle of the spur dyke affected the peak concentration around the dyke.The effect of the angle on dissolved pollutants decreased with the ratio of adsorption to desorption coefficients.The adsorption and desorption coefficients,as well as the saturated adsorption capacity had no effect on the concentration of particulate pollutants.     

岩溶区隧道暗河的综合预报及治理方案研究

为确保岩溶区隧道施工安全,利用综合预报分析方法可准确地对地质异常体进行预测,可明显减少发生灾害的可能性。以大广南高速公路紫荆山隧道为工程背景,通过地质分析研究了紫荆山隧道的岩溶发育特征,利用TSP（隧道地震预测）超前地质预报方法对ZK221+960处暗河位置进行了准确预报,并利用地质雷达对暗河的走向进行了短距离探测,探测结果与实际揭露走向基本吻合。针对紫荆山暗河,分析了各种暗河处治措施优缺点,最终制定了泄水洞方案。在保证隧道施工安全和工期的前提下,对泄水洞方案进行了优化处理,优化后的处理方案在紫荆山暗河治理中取得了较好的效果,其结果对类似工程具有一定的借鉴意义。     

土钉加固黏性土坡加载的离心模型试验研究

进行了不同坡度土钉加固边坡坡顶加载的离心模型试验,观测了土坡的破坏过程并测量土坡的位移场,研究了土钉加固黏性土坡的承载力、变形和破坏规律以及坡角对其破坏规律的影响。试验结果表明,坡顶荷载的增加引起土坡变形的增加,变形的集中产生和发展导致滑裂面的形成并使土坡发生破坏。土钉变形规律受加载阶段和加载底板的综合影响,坡顶荷载越大,接近坡顶的土钉弯曲挠度越大,钉土间的相互作用越强。土坡的坡角越大,承载力越低,土体呈现出更显著的向坡面位移的趋势。     

Hugoniot equation of state of olivine and its geodynamic implications

Large olivine samples were hot-pressed synthesized for shock wave experiments. The shock wave experiments were carried out at pressure range between 11 and 42 GPa. Shock data on olivine sample yielded a linear relationship between shock wave velocity D and particle velocity u described by D=3.56(?0.13)+2.57(?0.12)u. The shock temperature is determined by an energy relationship which is approximately 790°C at pressure 28 GPa. Due to low temperature and short experimental duration, we suggest that no phase change occurred in our sample below 30 GPa and olivine persisted well beyond its equilibrium boundary in metastable phase. The densities of metastable olivine are in agreement with the results of static compression. At the depth shallower than 410 km, the densities of metastable olivine are higher than those of the PREM model, facilitating cold slab to sink into the mantle transition zone. However, in entire mantle transition zone, the shock densities are lower than those of the PREM model, hampering cold slab to flow across the "660 km" phase boundary.     

断裂对塔北地区哈拉哈塘油田奥陶系非暴露岩溶缝洞型储集层的控制作用*

塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩缝洞型储集层形成机理复杂,非均质性极强。当前以塔河油田为代表的潜山风化壳缝洞型储集层是碳酸盐岩地层暴露地表受到大气淡水淋滤所形成的,而在塔北地区哈拉哈塘油田奥陶系发育的非暴露区仍存在大量非暴露岩溶缝洞型储集层。在充分认识该油田区域构造背景的基础上,选取油田非暴露区典型区块,应用岩石学、地球化学等资料,对非暴露岩溶缝洞型储集层进行研究。研究认为:(1)大气淡水是非暴露区岩溶作用最关键的岩溶流体,岩溶储集层的形成并不受热液影响;(2)非暴露区存在“三期三级”构造缝和“两期三级”走滑断裂,断裂及伴生构造裂缝是非暴露区岩溶缝洞型储集层发育的必要条件;(3)从断裂对岩溶的控制出发将缝洞型储集层细分为早期断裂和明河双控洞穴、晚期断控洞穴、早期裂缝孔洞和晚期微裂缝孔洞4类;(4)非暴露区非暴露缝洞型储集层先后经历了加里东中期断裂发育、良里塔格组水系下切溶蚀、晚加里东—早海西期断裂发育3个主要过程。此研究深化了非暴露缝洞型储集层的形成机理,并在一定程度上拓宽了非暴露区岩溶储集层勘探开发的思路。