武夷山紫色土磁学特征及其对成壤的指示意义

紫色土是非地带性土壤, 具有磁性本底值低的特征, 是研究成土初始阶段土壤磁性矿物与成土因素关系的良好材料。目前, 国内紫色土系统的环境磁学研究处于起步阶段。本研究以福建省武夷山市的紫色土剖面(简称WYS剖面, 地理坐标为27°44'24'N, 118°00'36'E; 海拔216.3m)为分析对象。该剖面发育于白垩系紫红色粉砂质泥岩之上, 厚度为0.9m。通过系统的环境磁学研究, 结合漫反射光谱一阶导数曲线、色度指标和常量地球化学元素指标, 分析其磁学特征的层次分异, 探讨磁学参数对成壤的指示意义。结果表明: 1)WYS剖面以反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿为主。A层的亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿含量略有增加, 超顺磁(SP)颗粒含量更高, 磁颗粒相对更细。成壤作用是造成A层和C层的磁学特征差异的主导因素。2)WYS剖面母岩具有易于物理风化、不易化学风化的特征。由于成土时间短, 即便在湿热气候条件下, 母质中磁性矿物转化微弱。母质和成土时间是影响紫色土磁学性质的主导因素。3)成壤过程中, 少部分赤铁矿转化为磁铁矿。磁学参数的微小变化响应于弱成壤作用, 表明紫色土磁学特征可以非常敏感地指示成壤强度。

     

巴里坤湖孢粉浓缩物14C测年可行性研究

14C测年是湖泊沉积物定年的主要方法之一,随着对过去气候环境变化的深入研究,对于湖泊样品中的年代要求更高,而不同的测年物质的14C定年结果,会有不同的误差。通过对巴里坤湖部分样品,分别进行块状样有机质、陆生高等植物残体以及孢粉浓缩物定年比较,以探讨干旱区湖泊中14C定年的方法。测试结果表明:孢粉浓缩物与陆生高等植物残体的测年值极为接近,在西北干旱区湖泊测年过程中,孢粉浓缩物有望成为一种可靠的测年材料。在探讨湖泊沉积物年代的"碳库"效应时,孢粉浓缩物定年可能会成为一种有效的方法。     

Multi‐proxy evidence for early to mid‐Holocene environmental and climatic changes in northeastern Poland

Lauterbach, S., Brauer, A., Andersen, N., Danielopol, D. L., Dulski, P., Hüls, M., Milecka, K., Namiotko, T., Plessen, B., von Grafenstein, U. & DecLakes participants 2010: Multi‐proxy evidence for early to mid‐Holocene environmental and climatic changes in northeastern Poland. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2010.00159.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. We investigated the sedimentary record of Lake Hańcza (northeastern Poland) using a multi‐proxy approach, focusing on early to mid‐Holocene climatic and environmental changes. AMS ¹⁴C dating of terrestrial macrofossils and sedimentation rate estimates from occasional varve thickness measurements were used to establish a chronology. The onset of the Holocene at c. 11 600 cal. a BP is marked by the decline of Lateglacial shrub vegetation and a shift from clastic‐detrital deposition to an autochthonous sedimentation dominated by biochemical calcite precipitation. Between 10 000 and 9000 cal. a BP, a further environmental and climatic improvement is indicated by the spread of deciduous forests, an increase in lake organic matter and a 1.7‰ rise in the oxygen isotope ratios of both endogenic calcite and ostracod valves. Rising δ¹⁸O values were probably caused by a combination of hydrological and climatic factors. The persistence of relatively cold and dry climate conditions in northeastern Poland during the first one and a half millennia of the Holocene could be related to a regional eastern European atmospheric circulation pattern. Prevailing anticyclonic circulation linked to a high‐pressure cell above the retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet might have blocked the influence of warm and moist Westerlies and attenuated the early Holocene climatic amelioration in the Lake Hańcza region until the final decay of the ice sheet.     

The accumulation and transfer of vanadium within the food chain

The accumulation and transfer of vanadium within the food chain has been investigated. Vanadium is taken up from the sea water in considerable quantity by phytoplankton which form the first step of the food chain and is transferred to the final consumer. Mammals (mice) fed on contaminated food (mussels) exhibited significant symptoms.     

Solar-Blind Diamond Detectors for Lyra, the Solar VUV Radiometer on Board Proba II

Fabrication, packaging and experimental results on the calibration of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors made on diamond are reported. LYRA (Lyman- RAdiometer onboard PROBA-2) will use diamond detectors for the first time in space for a solar physics instrument. A set of measurement campaigns was designed to obtain the XUV-to-VIS responsivity of the devices and other characterizations. The measurements of responsivity in EUV and VUV spectral ranges (40–240 nm) have been carried out by the Physkalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany at the electron storage ring BESSY II. The longer wavelength range from 210 to 1127 nm was measured with monochromatic light by using a Xe-lamp at IMO-IMOMEC. The diamond detectors exhibit a photoresponse which lie in the 35–65 mA/W range at 200 nm (corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 20–40%) and indicate a visible rejection ratio (200–500 nm) higher than four orders of magnitude.     

A model for the conservation of geological remains as documents

 Geological remains are conserved mainly either together with living beings for the sake of the integrity of nature or for their economical or aesthetic value. However, they also have scientific value for the geologist to reconstruct the earth's past. For this reason we propose a model which is an application of marginal utility theory in economics and takes into account the informational utility of geological remains. Informational utility of geological remains ranges over their geological significance which is induced by the importance of the geological processes that produce them, and over their spatial extensiveness. Our model takes into account also the cost and budget of conservation and proposes to solve the differential equations of informational utility and cost simultaneously in order to obtain the optimum quantity of the remains to be conserved. Received: 9 January 1998 · Accepted: 4 February 1998     

影像大地测量数据揭示2021希腊塞萨利地震序列潜在断层几何及其区域构造意义

利用一对升降轨InSAR干涉图进行地震二维形变的分解通常是推断孕震机制与断层几何较为常用的手段.但该手段实施于短时间内发生的地震序列案例则较为困难, 因为很难确保每个事件的形变都能够恰好被一对干涉图所记录.短周期多轨道InSAR数据为二维同震形变的描述和断层几何的推演提供了丰富的数据支撑, 也为分离地震序列中各地震的同震形变提供了可能.2021年希腊塞萨利地震序列为研究地震序列形变分解提供了一个宝贵实例.针对此案例, 本文利用覆盖震区的17幅多时相多轨道InSAR数据联合解算了该地震序列中三次事件各自的二维形变, 并对形变场分布进行了解译.经形变分析认定, 地震序列中第二、三次事件属于盲断层发震.基于分解出的二维形变, 本文进一步推断了第二、三次事件所对应的断层几何并分析了潜在的孕震机制.此次地震序列的发震断层为: 两个SE-NW走向/东北倾的断层(事件一、事件二), 一个NW-SE走向/西南倾的断层(事件三).经过对滑动模型、同震库仑应力以及前震/余震数据的分析, 本文认为此次地震序列的潜在孕震机制可以解释为一次SSE-WNW走向的断层级联触发活动.此外, 通过分析此次地震序列余震的空间分布发现了余震深度与断层面之间的线性关系, 这为本文推断出的盲断层几何以及地震序列间的级联触发观点提供了佐证.

     

华北克拉通始太古代演化——来自冀东38亿年片麻岩锆石Hf-O同位素的记录

陆壳成因的研究对了解地球演化具有重要意义, 但由于古老陆壳岩石出露有限, 目前地球早期陆壳研究还比较薄弱。近期, 冀东地区一处新的始太古代岩石记录的发现, 为研究华北克拉通内部早期陆壳性质提供了极为重要的对象。本文对冀东卢龙喇叭山地区这处新发现的始太古代花岗闪长质片麻岩进行了详细的锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf-O同位素分析。结果显示该样品中锆石具有自形-半自形晶形、振荡环带的内部结构, 较高的Th、U含量以及Th/U比值, 显示岩浆锆石特征。7个SIMS分析点给出的加权平均²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄为3776±11Ma(MSWD=3.1), 代表了花岗闪长质岩浆的结晶年龄, 指示冀东地区存在始太古代结晶基底。这些锆石的O同位素组成(δ¹⁸O=5.81±0.13‰)与地幔锆石在分析误差范围内一致, 其Hf同位素组成(ε_Hf(t)=0.09±0.31)与球粒陨石均一岩浆库类似。这些Hf-O同位素特征显著不同于冀东地区曹庄岩组中发现的始太古代碎屑锆石, 说明其不可能作为曹庄岩组变沉积岩的物源区。而华北克拉通内部鞍山地区的始太古代片麻岩中的岩浆锆石与冀东始太古代碎屑锆石在Hf-O同位素特征上最为类似, 因此前者是冀东始太古代碎屑锆石最可能的源岩, 暗示冀东地区和鞍山地区在始太古代时可能是统一的整体。与全球始太古代岩石记录对比发现, 华北克拉通主体与North Atlantic克拉通、Pilbara克拉通和塔里木克拉通等主要克拉通类似, 其内部目前发现的最古老岩石都具有与球粒陨石一致的锆石Hf同位素组成, 指示大部分始太古代陆壳可能源自一个未发生明显分异的相对原始地幔源区。

     

晋西地区工程开挖形成的黄土边坡的最优坡率

针对晋西地区工程建设开挖形成的不同高度的黄土边坡,通过工程类比法、反算法、文献资料法和计算对比法,确定了不同高度黄土边坡的最优坡率。结果表明：8m高黄土(Q₃^eol 或Q₂^eol)边坡最优坡率为68°和66°;16m高黄土边坡最优坡率为56°;24m高黄土边坡最优坡率为47°;32m高黄土边坡最优坡率为42°;45m高黄土边坡最优坡率为35°。研究成果可供研究区或其他类似地区建设工程提供参考。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江结合带色吾村白垩纪变基性岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

区域地质调查在青藏高原南部曲松县邱多江乡色吾村附近新发现白垩纪变基性岩,呈层状大面积分布于雅鲁藏布江缝合带南侧宋热岩组B岩段中。为查明这些变基性岩形成时代和地球化学特征,在详实的野外工作基础上,进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和地球化学分析。所有样品的年龄值均属于早白垩世。主量元素地球化学特征显示,其属于低钾（拉斑）玄武岩系列;稀土元素分析结果显示,原始岩浆岩中晶出的斜长石较少或者未结晶,轻、重稀土元素之间具有相对较高的分馏程度;高场强元素相对明显的富集;大离子亲石元素亏损,Sr和Ba负异常明显;并认为变基性岩可能来自软流圈地幔。根据稳定富集的高场强元素投图,岩浆在就位和形成过程中受到地壳混染。构造环境分析认为,这套变基性岩具有洋中脊玄武岩MORB的特征,其形成可能与新特提斯洋被动大陆边缘热点与洋中脊相互作用有关。由于岩石变质变形作用强烈,镜下无法判断其原岩成分,从野外观察看,较接近火山岩的特征。若为火山喷发形成,将对雅鲁藏布江缝合带南部研究产生重要促进作用,并因此厘定出白垩纪地层。