北京一次极端雨雪天气异常诊断分析

2020年2月13—14日北京地区出现一次极端雨雪天气过程,利用EC再分析数据、风廓线雷达、气候资料等,采用诊断分析、风廓线产品反演、气候异常分析等方法,对这次伴有复杂相态转换、对流、累计降水量破历史同期极值的极端雨雪天气过程进行分析和异常诊断,结果表明：①大尺度低涡、高\低空急流、锋面等天气系统为降水提供良好的背景条件。②河北中部的中尺度涡旋,是这次极端雨雪天气的重要成因之一。③对流活动的参与提高了降水效率,致使过程累计降水量进一步加大。④850 hPa切变线北侧强盛的偏东气流,在动力抬升和水汽输送及辐合中发挥重要作用。⑤-8～-20 ℃层云冰含量低,且0 ℃层高度超过700 m是造成北京平原地区相态转换时间延迟的直接原因。⑥边界层回流冷空气由平原东部进入北京,是雨雪相态转换由东向西发生的根本原因。⑦极端的水汽通量辐合异常,是此次天气过程累计雨量突破同期历史极值的重要原因之一。     

天津地区土动力学参数变异性对地表地震动参数的影响

收集天津地区十多年来的83份地震安全性评价报告,统计202个钻孔的1 650组动三轴数据,分别给出不同种类土在不同区间深度下的统计代表值及其标准差。以某典型Ⅲ类场地为例,用等效线性化方法进行多种地震动强度及相位输入下的水平成层场地地震反应分析计算,详细研究该地区覆盖土层动剪模量比和阻尼比变异性对地表峰值加速度及其反应谱的影响。结果表明:场地地表峰值加速度和反应谱随土动剪切模量比增大或减小而增大或减小,随土动阻尼比增大或减小而减小或增大;在大震输入条件下,地表峰值加速度和地表反应谱的中、高频段随土动剪切模量比减小而减小的变化尤为明显,动阻尼比变化也有一定影响,但不如土动剪切模量比减小变化时影响明显;在中震、小震地震动输入条件下,场地土的动剪模量比和阻尼比变异性对地表峰值加速度和反应谱影响并不显著。     

胶州湾沉积物重金属形态不同浸取方法的比较与污染讯息指示作用初探

海洋沉积物中重金属的活性形态对于指示沉积物污染状况具有重要作用;为探寻简洁且能够有效提取重金属活性形态的浸提方法;实验研究了0.1 mol/L和1 mol/L盐酸的单级提取和欧共体标准局（European Community Bureau of Reference）提出的BCR分级提取法对胶州湾表层沉积物中重金属（Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn）和Al、Fe、Mn的浸取效果。结果显示;3种提取方法提取的金属含量呈显著正相关关系;两种浓度的稀盐酸对BCR方法中的酸可提取态和可还原态金属均具有较好浸提效果;但对可氧化态金属浸提能力相对较弱。不同提取方法的人为信号指数（ASI）计算结果表明;BCR浸取法提取结果的金属ASI值最大;表明其对沉积物中金属活性形态提取效率较高;1 mol/L HCl提取结果的金属ASI值最低;可能是较高浓度强酸使沉积物较大颗粒内层中“惰性”金属被浸取出来;“增加”了金属活性组分的污染讯息信号;对沉积物中Cu、Pb和Zn而言;0.1 mol/L HCl提取结果的ASI值与BCR方法接近。经过Al归一化后;0.1 mol/L HCl浸提的重金属含量的空间分布与胶州湾的实际污染状况相吻合;表明0.1 mol/L的HCl在一定程度上能够代替复杂的BCR浸取法;此方法可简化重金属活性形态的提取步骤;适合大范围沉积物重金属污染评价。     

Delineation of spatial redox zones using discriminant analysis and geochemical modelling in arsenic‐affected alluvial aquifers

This study characterized the redox conditions in arsenic‐affected groundwater aquifers of the Lanyang plain, Taiwan. Discriminant analysis was adopted to delineate three redox zones (oxidative, transitional and reductive zones) in different aquifers and yielded 92·3% correctness on groundwater quality data. Arsenic is mainly distributed in the reductive zone, and arsenic distribution in the shallow aquifer is mainly affected by surface activities. According to PHREEQC modelling results, possible mechanisms for arsenic release to groundwater in Lanyang plain are explored. Arsenic released to groundwater in the oxidative zone (zone 1) is primarily caused by the oxidations of arsenic‐bearing pyrite minerals, and arsenate is the predominant species. While the reductive dissolution of Fe‐oxides are responsible for the high arsenic concentration found in the transitional and reductive zones (zones 2 and 3), arsenite is the predominant species. The reduction potential of groundwater rises as the depths and zones increase. Some sulphates may be reduced to form sulphide ions, which then react with arsenic to form arseno‐sulphide deposits (such as realgar, orpiment) and then slightly lower groundwater arsenic concentrations. A conceptual diagram which summarized the possible release processes of arsenic in different redox zones along groundwater flow in Lanyang plain is postulated. Arsenic‐bearing pyrite and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) are oxidized as they are exposed to the infiltrated oxygenated rainwater, releasing soluble arsenate Fe(II) and SO₄^2? into zone 1. The dissolution of arsenic‐rich Fe‐oxides due to the onset of reducing conditions in zones 2 and 3 is responsible for the mobility of arsenic and likely to be the primary mechanism of arsenic release to groundwater in the Lanyang plain Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Limiting equilibrium method for slope/drilled shaft system

The use of drilled shafts to stabilize an unstable slope has been a widely accepted practice. There are two basic design and analysis issues involved: one is to determine the global factor of safety of the drilled shafts stabilized slope and the other one is to determine the design earth thrust on the drilled shafts for structural design of the shafts. In this paper, a limiting equilibrium method of slices based solution for calculating global factor of safety (FS) of a slope with the presence of a row of drilled shafts is developed. The arching mechanisms due to the presence of the drilled shafts on slope were taken into account by a load transfer factor. The method for calculating the net force applied to the drilled shaft from the soil mass was also developed. The interrelationships among the drilled shaft location on the slope, the load transfer factor, and the global FS of the slope/shaft system were derived utilizing the developed numerical closed‐form solution. An illustrative example is presented to elucidate the use of the solution in optimizing the location of the drilled shafts on slope to achieve the desired global factor of safety of the slope/shaft system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Creep of saturated materials as a chemically enhanced rate‐dependent damage process

Material behaviour that exhibits characteristics of creep induced by a spontaneous mineral dissolution enhanced by material damage is studied. It is believed that the characteristic rates of the chemical processes involved determine the time‐rate dependence of the resulting strain. A basic model of a combined chemo‐plastic softening and chemically enhanced deviatoric strain hardening for saturated geomaterials is presented. Chemical softening is postulated to occur as a consequence of the net mass removal resulting from dissolution and precipitation of specific minerals occurring at the damage‐generated inter‐phase interfaces. Closed and open systems are discussed. In the former case, deformation at constant stress results entirely from a local compensation mechanism between the chemical softening and strain hardening. The classical three stages of creep are interpreted in terms of mechanisms of dissolution and precipitation, as well as the variation in the reaction surface areas involved in the mass exchange. In an open system, the above local mechanism is enhanced by the removal of mass via diffusion of species affecting the mass balance. Such a system is addressed via a boundary value problem as shown in an example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composite analytical solutions for a soil vapour extraction system

Soil vapour extraction (SVE) is a common remediation technique for cleaning up unsaturated soils contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analytical solutions, which result from simple mathematical models, can allow the fast approximation of the time‐dependent effluent concentration and the gaining of insight into the processes that take place during soil remediation. Deriving the analytical solutions to advection–dispersion equations that simultaneously take into account the mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion is very difficult because of the variable dependence of governing equations' coefficients. In this study, we first present two simplified analytical solutions that only consider mechanical dispersion or molecular diffusion. The two developed analytical solutions are compared with the numerical solution that simultaneously considers both mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion to examine the applicability of the two simplified analytical solutions and distinguishes the individual contribution of the mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion to total VOCs transport in an SVE system. Results show that dispersion plays an important role during SVE decontamination and neither the diffusion‐dominated solution nor the dispersion‐dominated solution can agree well with the numerical solution when both mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion have significant contributions to the total VOCs transport flux. A composite analytical solution that linearly couples the diffusion‐ and dispersion‐dominated analytical solutions, which is proposed herein to eliminate the discrepancy between the analytical solutions and the numerical solution. Results indicate that the proposed composite analytical solution agrees well with the numerical solution and is an effective tool for quickly and accurately evaluating the time‐dependent effluent concentration for parameters of the different ranges of interest in an SVE remedial system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional scour below offshore pipelines in steady currents

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on three-dimensional scour below offshore pipelines subject to steady currents. The major emphasis of the investigation is on the scour propagation velocity along the pipeline after the scour initiation. Physical experiments were conducted to quantify the effects of various parameters on scour propagation velocity along the pipeline in a water flume of 4 m wide, 2.5 m deep and 50 m long. Local scour depths directly below the model pipeline were measured using specifically developed conductivity scour probes. Effects of various parameters such as pipeline embedment depth, incoming flow Shields parameter and flow incident angle (relative to the pipeline) on scour propagation velocity along the pipeline were investigated. It was found that scour propagation velocity generally increases with the increase of Shields parameter but decreases with the increase of the pipeline embedment depth. A general predictive formula for scour propagation velocity is proposed and validated against the experimental results.