渤海动力环境研究应关注的新问题

回顾了近几年关于渤海动力环境的研究现状，分析了其中存在的问题。指出渤海盐度长期变化、年际尺度上变化的成因、过程；与此关联的渤海环流乃至黄海环流的变异及其过程；黄河入海的水、沙变化所引起发的渤海沉积物源汇的再调整等应是未来渤海动力环境研究中值得关注的重要问题。     

AFLP analysis revealed differences in genetic diversity of four natural populations of Manila clam(Ruditapes philippinarum) in China

1 IntroductionManila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is aworldwide distributed species. In China, it is foundfrom the northern to southern seashores (Wang etal., 1993; Zhuang, 2001). This species is eura-line with the salinity tolerance ranging from 20 to4…     

一种新型浅地层剖面仪试验平台的设计与应用

为探讨浅地层剖面声学影像形成原理,探索不同类型沉积物声学影像特征,厘清不同沉积物厚度的识别算法,采用模块化设计理念研发一套新型浅地层剖面仪室内试验平台。综合室内定位技术、浅剖试验平台尺寸合理性分析技术、直线轨道与换能器之间的固定连接技术和海底声学参数反演技术,形成一个试验高效的新型平台。通过铺设沉积物和布设障碍物,利用浅地层剖面仪进行走航测试,精确识别了沉积物的厚度和障碍物的位置。该平台可为开展理想环境下沉积物厚度和障碍物识别提供较好的测试环境,为声学海洋设备性能检测提供测试平台,也为高校学生和技术人员提供设备使用培训场所。     

辽宁海洋生态补偿机制创新与实践路径探讨

辽宁海洋生态补偿研究文献甚少,直面主要课题是机制创新。文章基于公共物品理论、外部性理论、生态价值理论、环境正义理论和可持续发展理论,遵循行为明确性原则、科学性原则、协商性原则、可操作性原则和动态性原则,依照海洋生态系统服务功能、海洋资源资产服务功能、海洋生态系统损害评估、海洋生态系统损失评估报告、海洋生态系统补偿与受偿主体确定、海洋生态系统补偿金额确定、海洋生态系统补偿执行、海洋生态系统补偿监控、海洋生态系统补偿评估与终结等运作程序创建了海洋生态补偿机制。进而,从提升社会公众认知、明确生态补偿制度、完善生态补偿机制、选定价值评估方法和评估生态补偿效益维度,探讨了海洋生态补偿实践路径。     

基于海洋溢油风险分区的大连市沿海主要产业的布局优化

文章在国家东北振兴战略实施和海洋溢油风险日益加大的背景下,以大连市海洋渔业、滨海旅游业、港口和临海工业布局现状为基础,结合海洋溢油风险分区结果,分别提出上述沿海主要产业的布局优化措施,以预防和减少海洋溢油的危害,保障沿海产业的可持续发展。     

A Population Genetic Analysis of Continuously Selected Chlamys farreri Populations

This study applied an optimized one-step 2b-RAD library construction strategy and performed simplified genome sequencing of 539 individuals from three continuously selected Chlamys farreri populations. SNP screening was performed using RAD typing software and population genetic parameters for the continuously selected populations from three generations(G1, G2, G3) were determined. The results showed that the optimized one-step 2b-RAD library construction strategy greatly simplified the experimental process, making it suitable for efficiently constructing a large number of libraries. A total of 18450 SNP markers were identified, which evenly distributed throughout the genome. Population genetic analysis of these three generations showed that the mean value of observed heterozygosity was 0.275 ± 0.177, 0.272 ± 0.181 and 0.275 ± 0.166, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean value of expected heterozygosity was 0.275 ± 0.141, 0.274 ± 0.145 and 0.280 ± 0.133, respectively. The Wright's fixation index(F) was 0.04291, 0.04976 and 0.06685, respectively. Markers deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium accounted for 10.34%, 12.64%, and 23.11%, and the Shannon diversity index was 0.0999 ± 0.0404, 0.0921 ± 0.0388 and 0.0733 ± 0.0308. FIS(also known as the inbreeding coefficient) of the three populations was 0.0256, 0.0323 and 0.0468, respectively. We suggested that the 2b-RAD method is well suited to population genetic studies of aquacultured organisms. Moreover, our results indicated that the continuous selection affected the population genetic structure of the cultured Penglai-Red scallop, but the change was not significant; therefore, population selection should continue.     

美国卡罗莱纳州区域海洋观测预报系统简介

介绍了美国卡罗莱纳州区域海洋观测预报系统(Caro-COOPS系统)。该系统通过"实时观测-模式模拟-数据同化-业务应用"形成的一个完整链结,为卡罗莱纳州及其周边海域的科研、经济以及军事应用提供服务。观测系统依靠沿岸水文气象台站、海上浮标、潜标以及卫星遥感装置等,获得研究海区的准确观测资料。数值模拟模块是Caro-COOPS系统的核心部分,使用三重网格嵌套技术,并耦合了大气、海浪、泥沙输运以及生物化学模型,真实、全面地模拟出该海区的状况。Caro-COOPS系统中采用集合卡曼滤波和四维变分同化的方式,利用观测数据来调整计算误差。在模式的运行过程中,数据同化的作用主要体现在对初始场和强迫场的修正上,其观测结果经过统计分析处理后,可对原有的强迫场进行校正,将相对真实的强迫场提供给模式计算;模式计算的结果与观测数据相融合,通过滤波的方法调整积分的方向,以便更加逼近物理场的真实状态,将滤波调整后形成的物理场作为模拟下一个时刻计算所需的初始场。经过数据同化的调整,优化了模式计算所依赖的初始场和强迫场,减小了其与真实状态的误差,使模式的计算结果更加逼近真实值。Caro-COOPS系统的一大优势亮点是通过将预报结果与地理信息系统(GIS)相结合,快速而准确地定位洪水、风暴潮等自然灾害的影响区域,可准确至每一条街道乃至住宅,极大方便了决策部门有针对性地进行灾害预防和救助工作。GIS与模式结果的结合也极大地增强了Caro-COOPS系统服务社会的能力。     

利用相关逼近法建立定位与姿态数据的同步模型

根据海道测量精密测量的需求,对姿态与定位数据融合的同步方法进行了研究。通过GPS大地高数据和升沉数据,建立了一种基于相关逼近原理的定位与姿态数据同步模型。该模型能够确定定位与姿态数据的相对延时,实现两类数据在同一时间基准下的同步。实例计算表明,定位与姿态数据的相对延迟时间已成为两类数据融合应用中必须考虑的因素。由同步模型解算后,GPS大地高数据与总升沉数据体现了更好的一致性,由此也验证了模型的有效性。     

Tikhonov正则化法在重力场最小二乘配置逼近理论中的应用

最小二乘配置法由于其能融合不同种类重力观测数据进行局部重力场逼近的特性而受到广泛关注,但最小二乘配置结果的不稳定严重影响该方法的推广应用。 基于对重力观测量协方差矩阵的谱分解,分析出该协方差矩阵存在病态性,协方差矩阵的求逆过程是信号放大的非平稳过程,微小的观测误差会被协方差矩阵的小奇异值放大,从而导致配置结果的不稳定且精度偏低。 引入 Tikhonov 正则化算法,通过 L 曲线法选择正则化参数,利用正则化参数修正重力观测量协方差矩阵的小奇异值,能抑制其对观测误差的放大影响。 通过以 EGM2008 重力场模型分别计算的山区、丘陵和海域重力异常作为基础数据确定相应区域大地水准面的实验,验证了本文算法的有效性。     

Cryopreservation of Veliger Larvae of Trumpet Shell,Charonia sauliae: an Essential Preparation to Artificial Propagation

Trumpet shell, Charonia sauliae, is an endangered and valuable species, but its artificial propagation protocol has not been successfully established. To estimate the possibility of cryopreservation for larvae of C. sauliae, which is a potential preparation for its artificial reproduction and further research, in this study a protocol for the cryopreservation of veliger larvae of trumpet shell was optimized. Through a two-step cryopreservation procedure, four kinds of cryoprotectants (ethylene glycol, 1, 2-propanediol,dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol) were employed at three concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 molL-1) respectively and survival rates of larvae were determined after a storage of 1h. The larvae frozen with these four cryoprotectants after 1h storage were cultured, and then survival rates were determined at 24, 72 and 120h after thawing. Dimethyl sulfoxide at a concentration of 1.5 molL-1 showed the best protective effect in all experiments (p<0.05). And survival rates of larvae frozen with dimethyl sulfoxide were determined after 1,7 and 15 d of storage. The survival rates of larvae frozen with 1.5 molL-1 dimethyl sulfoxide after 1h, 1d, 7 d and 15 d of storage were 80.77% ±7.51%, 80.34% ±11.28%, 83.10% ±9.14% and 77.23%±6.22% respectively. No significant differences in survival rates of larvae frozen with dimethyl sulfoxide were observed after various storage periods (p>0.05).