MAT 253气体同位素质谱仪测定微量氢同位素组成进样方法初探

幔源流体活动区天然气中微量H2是研究幔源H2同位素组成的最佳样品,但受目前测试技术的限制,能准确测试同位素组成的H2浓度下限仍然有待继续降低。前人研究表明,当H2浓度低于1.5%时,测试结果的误差较大,可信度较低,这可能与载气进样时在进样针孔附近发生了随机分馏有关。为了避免这种随机分馏,文章提出了一种利用压差进样的方法,即利用饱和NaC l溶液增加样品瓶内的压力实现进样。实验结果表明,利用这种进样方法,不同浓度条件下,H2同位素组成测试值的极差与标准偏差都随H2浓度的增加而减小,统计得到的绝对误差与仪器的误差范围相当。因此,该进样方法可以有效避免微量H2在进样过程中发生的随机分馏,提高测试结果的精度和可信度。同时表明可以对现有设备进行合理改造,挖掘仪器的测试潜能。     

大口径注氮孔施工工艺

瓦斯是煤炭安全生产的重大隐患之一,向煤层气中压注阻燃性强的氮气或液态氮来压挤瓦斯,再从钻孔抽采,能有效降低煤层中的瓦斯含量,提高煤炭生产的安全性。而注氮孔是连接地面和巷道并向煤层中压注氮气的通道,要求口径大,垂直度高,保护巷道不被破坏等等,这些都是钻探施工的难点。结合成功范例,论述了大口径注氮孔的施工工艺。     

四川泸定县泥石流灾害成因、特征与防治建议

泸定县地处川西高原与四川盆地的过渡地带,地质环境条件复杂,分布泥石流沟127条,发育密度054条10km-2。在遥感解译和地面调查基础上,论述了泸定县泥石流灾害成因、发生特征、危害和发展趋势,提出了相关防治建议。(1)成因表现为复杂的断裂构造导致流域内松散物源丰富,较大的相对高差提供了良好势能条件,而汛期集中强降雨则提供了动能条件,且雨量条件中当日雨量与前期有效降雨量之间具有幂函数关系; (2)发生特征表现出典型的空间群发性(包括2005-06-30群发性泥石流、2005-08-11群发性泥石流和2006-07-14群发性泥石流)与时间的夜发性; (3)危害方式主要包括淤埋、冲毁、侵蚀、堵河4种,泥石流已造成74人死亡; (4)发展趋势表现为泥石流沟多处于形成期和发展期(113条,占89%),发生的年际准周期由20a缩短至不足10a,且发生条(次)由4条(次)增加至44条次(2005年); (5)泸定县泥石流防治的突出问题表现为城镇泥石流问题、泥石流堵塞主河问题、风景区泥石流问题与冲沟泥石流问题,建议通过科学规划、风险防御体系构建、土木工程治理、监测预警等措施予以防御。     

西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床S、Pb同位素组成及对成矿物质来源的示踪

西藏蒙亚啊铅锌矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,矿体主要赋存于上石炭统—下二叠统来姑组碳酸盐岩内的矽卡岩和矽卡岩化大理岩中,近东西向似层状产出。在分析该矿床成矿地质条件的基础上,系统地研究了矿石硫、铅同位素组成特征,探讨了成矿物质来源。研究表明,矿石硫化物的硫同位素组成变化范围较窄,具塔式分布效应,估算得到成矿热液系统的总硫同位素值3δ4S∑S约为5.2‰,具有岩浆硫的特征;矿石铅同位素组成稳定,为正常普通铅,矿石铅来源于早白垩世上地壳物质部分熔融形成的岩浆。     

MICROMETER SCALE MORPHOLOGY MEASUREMENT SYSTEM: A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MICRO-TOPOGRAPHY MEASUREMENT ON FAULT PLANES

Earthquakes commonly occur in the sliding surface of the fault zone. The morphology of the sliding surface is the result of fault activities, and also it evolves with the activities. The irregular geometry of the fault plane affects the sliding resistance, the concentration and anisotropy of the stress distribution within the fault plane and the fault shear strength. So, the acquisition of high-precision morphological features is of great significance for studying the correlation between fault surface morphology and seismic nucleation, fracture propagation and termination. Due to the lack of reliable micron-scale morphological measurement apparatus, the study of the coherence of the fault surface morphology from large scale(unit: m-cm)to small scale(unit: μm)is subject to restrictions, as well as the study of the relationship between the micro-morphology of the experimental frictional surface and the rupture process. In order to improve the measurement accuracy of the fault plane and overcome the shortcomings of existing measurement methods, we have invented a morphology measurement system with independent intellectual property rights.
The measuring principle of this morphology measurement system is based on the laser rangefinder theory. The frame of this system consists of four parts: Braced Frame, Moving Scanner Unit, System-Controlling Unit and Data Collection Unit. Braced Frame is made up of high-adjustable frame, loading stage, dust-proof box and isolation platform, which is used to provide a vibration isolation, light proof and dust-proof measuring environment. Moving Scanner Unit contains a laser head and a two-dimensional translation stag, the laser head is used to measure vertical distance and a two-dimensional translation stage carrying a laser head moving in X-axis and Y-axis orientation to provide X, Y coordinate values. System-Controlling Unit includes two-dimensional translation stage controller, laser head controller and signal convertor. The function of this part is mainly to control operation of other parts. The Data Collection Unit is composed of computer system and software module. This part connects other parts for receiving and storing data. In order to improve the scan efficiency, we developed new software by which we can precisely control the measuring process and efficiently process the acquired data. The software is comprised of five modules: 1)Move Module, this module is used to control the original moving of the laser head relative to the two-dimension translation stage and display the 3-dimensional coordinate information in real time; 2)Set Parameters of Scan Area, the function of this module is to obtain the XY coordinate values of four corner points of the target area to scan; 3)Scan Method Module, though this part, we can control the point spacing in the X-axis orientation by inputting velocity of laser header, as well as the point spacing in X-axis orientation by inputting the Y-step parameter; 4)Pre-Scan Module, there are three functions in this module to inspect whether the z-value of the target area is beyond the range of the laser head or not, estimate consuming time for scanning the object area under the predefined parameters and to estimate the size of the result file; and 5)Scan Module, the function of this module is to store the scanning data.
We scanned the camera lens and the standard plate whose standard deviations are lower than 5μm to acquire the precision of the measurement system, and the results show that the precision of the plane positioning (X-axis and Y-axis direction)is better than 3.5μm; the vertical measurement precision is better than 4.5μm. The highest resolution of the measurement system is constrained by the performance of the laser head and two-dimension translation stage, and the horizontal resolution can reach 0.62μm, vertical resolution 0.25μm. When the needed resolution is lower than the highest, we can achieve it through adjusting the parameter of the velocity in the X-axis orientation and steps in the Y-axis orientation. To test the practical effect of the measurement system, we scanned an area of frictional surface of experimental rock using this system and obtained a high-resolution topography data. From the DEM interpolated from the cloud data, we can observe the striation on the fault plane and the variation of the roughness distribution. The roughness and slope distribution results show that the topography measurement system can meet our requirements for analyzing the microscopic morphology on the micrometer scale.
Compared with traditional measurement devices, the morphology measurement system has the following advantages: 1)The measurement system can obtain the data even in a valley region with a large dip angle on the surface because the vertically emitted beam by the laser head is practically perpendicular to the surface. So compared with other means, it can avoid producing a blank area of measurements and get a complete area; 2)the measurement system has a larger measurement range of 30cm×30cm. When the high-resolution measurement is performed on a large scale, the error caused by the registration of multiple measurement results can also be avoided.     

致密砂岩衰减岩石物理图板分析:储层微裂隙预测

致密砂岩储层普遍具有孔隙度低、微裂隙发育的特点,岩石内部常含有强烈的结构非均质性.致密砂岩发育的微裂隙使储层具有良好的连通性,促成高饱和气的天然气成藏.针对川西某探区须家河组高含气饱和度致密砂岩,本文选取致密砂岩岩心样本,进行了不同围压下的超声波实验测量.考虑储层完全饱气情况下的粒间孔隙、微裂隙双重孔隙结构,采用Biot-Rayleigh双重孔隙方程,构建致密砂岩岩石物理模型,进而分析了裂隙含量对纵波频散和衰减的影响.基于地震波衰减,构建了致密砂岩多尺度岩石物理图板.采用谱比法和改进频移法估算致密砂岩样本及储层衰减,对超声和地震频带下的图板进行校正.将校正后的图板应用到研究工区,选取二维测线和三维区块,进行储层孔隙度和裂隙含量的定量预测.对比实际资料进行分析,结果显示,本文预测的孔隙度和裂隙含量与三口测井的孔隙度曲线和实际产气情况基本吻合,基于孔隙-裂隙衰减岩石物理模型有效地预测了优质储层的分布区域.     

高访问量的“SARS网络地理信息系统”解决方案

介绍了高访问量条件下“SARS网络地理信息系统”解决方案,指出瘦服务器模式是研制具有高访问量特点的网络地理信息系统的最佳解决方案。     

应用小波变换和C3相干算法检测地震剖面同相轴

为了提高地震剖面的信噪比和分辨率，使反射同相轴容易被识别和追踪，这里提出了一种应用小波算法及C3相干算法检测地震反射同相轴的新方法。利用小波算法提高地震剖面分辨率，减少大部分随机噪声，再运用C3相关算法和倾角扫描法检测地震剖面同相轴。应用该方法对模型数据进行了试算，证明了可行性，然后检测实际地震剖面同相轴，处理后的地震剖面同相轴品质及连续性都有了明显改善，信噪比增强，分辨率相应提高。     

一个降水预报的时间序列线性平稳预测模型

本文利用兰州１９４４～１９９７年的月平均降水资料,建立了线性平稳序列的降水预测模型,该模型使用了功谱密度函数中的最大熵法（或叫全极模型）,并将特征多项式模大于１的根反射到单位圆内,再返回修正后的线性预测的系数。并对１９８６～１９９７年１１年的月降水做了预测试验,试验结果表明,该模型具有一定的预报能力,其中取１５阶预报效果较好。此方法在短期气候预测业务中,可作为台站月、季、年降水预测走向客观化、定量化方法的一种初步尝试     

胶东大磨曲家金矿床成矿流体成分及稳定同位素研究

通过对大磨曲家金矿床不同类型矿石、蚀变岩中石英单矿物流体包裹体群体气液相成分,探讨金成矿流体由高温到低温流体成分演化与金成矿过程,结果证实:流体包裹体气相成分以H2O为主,其次为CO2,其余为CH4,C2H6,H2S,少量样品检测到少量N2和Ar2.流体包裹体液相成分中,阳离子主要为Na 和K ,Ca2 次之,少数样品检测到Mg抖;阴离子主要为Clˉ和SO42-,Fˉ含量也较高.高温阶段CO2含量缓慢降低,CH4 C2H6总量变化较大;低温阶段CO2含量快速降低,H2S含量缓慢降低,CH4 C2H6总量呈现增加趋势.由高温阶段到低温阶段K 含量降低,Na 含量增加,Ca2 变化不明显;阴离子组成SO42-含量急剧降低,Fˉ含量缓慢增加,Cl-含量快速增加.成矿流体稳定同位素组成δD水(SMOW)为-106.48‰～-95.52‰,δ18O石()(SM()w)为10.64‰～12.68‰,换算与之平衡δ18O水(SMOw)为1.88‰～5.78‰,δ13Cco2(PDB)为-6.264‰～-4.271‰.稳定同位素组成说明大磨曲家金矿床成矿流体可能为深部来源,可能与地幔排气和矿区内煌斑岩岩浆活动有关.