研究滑坡滑动过程动态的磁法和电法

正 导言:滑坡对工程建筑、农用耕地和自然环境造成的破坏损失相当于开发利用斜坡费用的总和。研究滑坡现象的动态是评价滑坡的实际危害性和设计滑坡治理措施所必须的。这就意味着要确定斜坡的稳定性和取得土体位移的速度和方向以及它们的应力状态随时间变化的资料。研究滑坡形变的现有的工程地质方法在斜坡地表的调查中是最有效的,但在长期和系统的观测不同深度土体的位移方面没有什么用途。     

持续农业及其中国态势

农业是发生在生物－自然、社会－政治、经济－技术这三重环境内各种过程的综合体，因此农业的持续性也可归纳为生态、经济、社会三重定义。持续农业在不同的空间尺度上具有不同的意义，在地方和区域尺度上就是生态农业，在国家和全球尺度上，则更注意食物及其分配问题，据此，本文分析了中国持续农业面临的挑战与具有的潜力。     

基于库仑应力计算和依赖速率与状态摩擦反应的余震预测敏感性研究

利用Dieterich（1994）提出的物理模型模拟应力的变化而引起的地震活动时空演化过程。通过依赖于速率和状态的摩擦定律,将其应用于无限地震成核点群。模拟结果显示,地震活动速率变化取决于应力扰动的幅度、断层的基本物理特性（用参数Aa表示）、应力加载速率和研究区的参考地震活动速率。为了使该模型具有一定的预报性,我们着重研究了物理模型的参数和参数间的相关关系对模拟结果的影响。首先,我们讨论了参考地震活动速率的不同定义,并以美国1992年的兰德斯地震序列为例,说明其对地震发生速率计算中的影响;其次,我们从物理上和统计上论证了模型各参数间均存在强相关。我们讨论了这种相关性并强调指出,参考地震活动速率、应力加载速率和Aa值这些模型参数的估计与模拟再现观测到余震序列密切相关。我们推导出的解析关系证明了这些模型参数对于与大森定律相当的余震衰减律的意义,模型参数决定了大森定律中时间常数C值和常数因子K,并表示p值≤1．0。论文最后讨论了以准实时预测为目标的约束模型参数的最优策略。     

A revisitation of TRIX for trophic status assessment in the light of the European Water Framework Directive: application to Italian coastal waters

The trophic status classification of coastal waters at the European scale requires the availability of harmonised indicators and procedures. The composite trophic status index (TRIX) provides useful metrics for the assessment of the trophic status of coastal waters. It was originally developed for Italian coastal waters and then applied in many European seas (Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Baltic, Black and Northern seas). The TRIX index does not fulfil the classification procedure suggested by the WFD for two reasons: (a) it is based on an absolute trophic scale without any normalization to type-specific reference conditions; (b) it makes an ex ante aggregation of biological (Chl-a) and physico-chemical (oxygen, nutrients) quality elements, instead of an ex post integration of separate evaluations of biological and subsequent chemical quality elements. A revisitation of the TRIX index in the light of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and new TRIX derived tools are presented in this paper. A number of Italian coastal sites were grouped into different types based on a thorough analysis of their hydro-morphological conditions, and type-specific reference sites were selected. Unscaled TRIX values (UNTRIX) for reference and impacted sites have been calculated and two alternative UNTRIX-based classification procedures are discussed. The proposed procedures, to be validated on a broader scale, provide users with simple tools that give an integrated view of nutrient enrichment and its effects on algal biomass (Chl-a) and on oxygen levels. This trophic evaluation along with phytoplankton indicator species and algal blooms contribute to the comprehensive assessment of phytoplankton, one of the biological quality elements in coastal waters.     

2011年2月—2012年1月东南极高原辐射平衡观测研究

利用东南极高原熊猫-1自动气象站2011年2月—2012年1月观测的辐射资料和相关资料,对辐射分量和辐射平衡的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,夏季是东南极高原获得太阳能的主要时段,总辐射通量夏季平均为365.0 W/m²,总量达到2752.1 MJ/m²,占全年总辐射量的58%。各个季节均能出现总辐射瞬时值大于大气顶水平总辐射,春季发生频率最高,冬季最小,总辐射平均日变化呈单峰型。大气长波辐射除夏季外,日变化不明显。冰雪面长波辐射除冬季外,各季节平均日变化呈明显的单峰单谷型。净辐射12月和1月为很小的正值,其他月份为负值。年平均净辐射为 -8.7 W/m²,表明地表相对于大气为冷源。该站的辐射平衡特征与其他南极内陆高原站相似,雪面具有强烈的辐射冷却效应,导致净辐射绝对值都小于下降风区。     

湖南柿竹园矽卡岩-云英岩型W-Sn-Mo-Bi矿床地质和成矿作用

柿竹园钨多金属矿床由三个阶段不同成矿作用复合叠加而形成。它们分别与似斑状黑云母花岗岩、等粒黑云母花岗岩和花岗斑岩脉有着成因联系。第一阶段矿化包括含矿块状外质矽卡岩和含矿退化蚀变岩；第二阶段为云英岩矿化，在空间上叠加于块状矽卡岩及外部的大理岩；第三阶段为与锰质矽卡岩相伴生的铅锌银矿化。本文详细地描述了前两阶段矿化的地质和成矿地球化学特征，并探讨了其成矿过程。在此基础上，建立了柿竹园矿床的多阶段成矿模     

Cobalt Deposits in the Central China Orogenic Belt

Cobalt mostly occurs as an associated metal in Cu-Ni sulphide deposits, skarn Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits and volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) or sedex deposits. There are different types of cobalt deposits in the Central China orogenic belt. In the Tamu-Kalangu Mississippi-valley type Pb-Zn deposits, many cobalt-nickel sulphide minerals were found. The cobalt content of the ore is 0.064%-0.46% in sedex-type Kendekeke Fe-Pb-Zn-Au deposits, and cobalt sulphide veins with Co contents of 4%-9% have also been found. About 28000 tons of cobalt reserves were delineated in the Dur'ngoi Cu-Co-Zn deposit of VHMS type in the A'nyemaqen Mountains. It is considered that the exploration potential for cobalt is attractive in this district, especially in sedex-type deposits and Co-rich sulphide veins in sedex-type Fe, Cu and Pb-Zn deposits and their surroundings.     

Lambert冰川流域东西两侧气候环境变化特征

During the 1992-1993 joint Australian-Chinese over-snow traverse of the western Lambert Glacier Basin (LGB), two firn cores were drilled respectively at MGA and LGB16. During the 1996-1997 and 1997-1998 austral summers, two firn cores were drilled respectively at DT001 and DT085 on the eastern LGB. Based on the measurements made during the expeditions, the climatic and environmental features on both sides of the LGB have been studied. Results show that during the past 50 years, the trends of both air temperature and accumulation rate show a slight increase on the east side of the LGB, in contrast to the west side of the LGB. The spatial trends of the accumulation rate measured by accumulation canes at 2 km intervals along the nearly 500 km of the traverse lines on both sides of the LGB are different. Moreover, correlations of δ^18O vs T10 along the two sides of the LGB are also different. In addition, the variations of sea salt ion concentrations show different trends in the past 50 years. All the evidence shows that the Lambert Glacier is a dividing region for the different climatic regimes over the East Antarctic ice sheet, which may be due to different moisture resources resulting from special local circumfluence such as cyclone activities, local terrain influences.     

苏联石油工业中地球物理勘探方法的发展情况

地球物理工作在石油工业中已获得了公认,并在普查和勘探油田的综合地质勘探工作中居于牢固而称职的地位.三十七年前,苏联就开始了第一次勘探地球物理工作,最初是用来研究库尔斯克磁力异常上的鉄矿床.1919年根据列宁的指示在库尔斯克地区开始了磁力测量.1925年在乌拉尔-恩巴油区开始了第一次用地球物理勘探石油的工作,旨在寻找盐丘构造.     

喜马拉雅山区1951—2010年气候变化事实分析

选择喜马拉雅山南北两侧有代表性的13个气象站1951—2010年的气温、降水资料,分析这些台站气候变化总体趋势、年代际变化及突变特征,结果表明：1961—2010年整个喜马拉雅山区的气温总体呈显著上升趋势,平均升温速率为0.38℃/10a。1970—1990年代升温在加速,2000年代升温速率则有所放缓。中段地区各站在2000年左右发生一次显著的升温突变,而西段和东段虽都出现升温突变,但出现的时间差异较大。1971—2010年喜马拉雅山区的降水在西段呈减少趋势,中段、东段大致呈现出微弱增加趋势,但总体变化趋势不明显。降水的年代际变化也表现为1970—1990年代略有增加,2000年代则有所减少。降水突变在西段以减少为主,在中段和东段以增加为主,但各站发生突变的年代很不一致。