大地震远程触发小地震的首次证据

就在去年6月28日破晓以前,位于洛杉矶以东200km的莫哈维沙漠发生了7.3级地震。这次地震以距震中最近的小城的名字命名为兰德斯地震。该地震虽然比三年前旧金山发生的地震强烈,但由于这一地区人口稀少,没有引起人们太大的注意。但是,这次地震却对地震学史有贡献。80年代期间,在美国极西部地区建立的高密度、分布广的地震台网提供了令人信服的证据:兰德斯地震引发了一系列的继发性地震。最远的在其东北1250km处的黄石国家公园。     

隧道测量的设计和平差

本文对隧道洞外、洞内控制网设计的一般法则进行了简略的论述,采用S-变换通过模拟数据计算验证了这些法则。应用两期变形测量原理将数理统计检验方法用于隧道测量。指出在隧道设计和施工阶段的测量和平差方法。     

铜镍硫化物矿床的成冈——以诺里尔斯克（俄罗斯）和金川（中国）为例

与超基性岩浆作用有关的铜镍硫化物矿床主要有两种成矿建造,一种为含铬建造,另一种为含铂建造。尖晶石类矿物成分的变化清楚地反映了这两类建造的成矿属性,含铬建造的尖晶石属于铬铁矿－尖晶石系列,含铂建造中则为尖晶石－磁铁矿系列。从含铬建造向含铂建造转变的原因,可以解释为超基性岩艇中硫的作用增加,从而引起反应：４ＦｅＯ＋Ｓ＝ＦｅＳ＋Ｆｅ３Ｏ４（磁铁矿）,同时分散性铂族元素的专属性特征也发生相应变化（Ｒｕ＋Ｏｓ＋Ｉｒ）→（Ｐｔ＋Ｐｄ）。因此,含铬建造中主要富含Ｒｕ、Ｏｓ和Ｉｒ,而含铂建造中则富含Ｐｔ和Ｐｄ。超基性岩浆作用中硫的化学活动性增加与基碱度增加直接有关。因此,含铂的超基性岩大多数情况下与富碱的玄武岩形成共生组合,当富铁熔浆发生硫化作用时,将会导致硫化物与硅酸岩熔浆的不混融,从而形成矿浆,据此,金川含铂铜镍矿石不是矿     

SEDIMENT YIELD AND HYDROLOGY IN NORTHWESTERN RANGELANDS

lINTRODUCTIONRangeandforestlandsofnorthwesternNorthAmericahavebeenutilizedforres0urceextracti0nandproductionsinceinitialhuman0ccupationofthecontinent.Intensive"managed"utilizati0nofec0systemsforspecificbenefitsincludingcattle,sheep,t1sh,w00dandagriculturalpr0ductshasbeenong0ingfornearly0ne-and-haIfcenturies.Intensiveresourceproducti0nhasto0oftenbeenacc0mpaniedbyunwanted"sideeffects"includingacceleratederosion,s0illossandsedimentdeliveredoffsitetod0wnstreamlocati0ns,estuariesandoceanicsin…     

白垩纪红层冰筏沉积的古气候及古地理意义

冰筏沉积是负载沉积物的冰块进入海洋或湖泊中,冰块融化沉积物坠落所形成的,它们可形成于高海拔具有明显气候垂直分带的低纬度地区或者是高纬度地区。我们在研究松辽盆地白垩纪古气候时,首次在泉头组红层中发现冰筏沉积。根据泉头组孢粉缉合的研究表明,它们除了具有热带一亚热带植物的孢粉以外,还有少量喜冷分子混生现象。经研究这些矛盾现象,反映泉头组时期盆地外围地形高差大,形成明显的气候垂直分带现象,这是造成这些矛盾现象的主要原因。冰筏沉积的发现对松辽盆地古气候古地理的恢复皆具有十分重要的意义。     

能源与全球环境

目前,“可再生能源”这个词已进入技术发展的阶段。我们目前利用的能源是不可再生的。我们生活在都市中。由于太阳光照射1小时的能量即可满足我们一年的能源需要,今后的能源利用必定要考虑太阳能。利用地球内部的热量梯度即地热能在今后亦是诱人的。原子能尤其是聚变能的潜力极大,但尚没有迹象表明,人类非得将精力消耗在利用裂变能上不可,尽管目前这方面的技术有被滥用的趋势。     

Can turbidity caused by Corophium volutator (Pallas) activity be used to assess sediment toxicity rapidly?

The standard toxicity test organism, Corophium volutator, exhibits a behavioural response to contaminated sediments that causes increased turbidity of overlying water. We quantify the effects of this response to an estuarine sediment spiked with copper and hydrocarbon contaminated sediments from an oil installation in the North Sea. Turbidity measured 24 h after the start of a toxicity test shows a strong relationship with contaminant concentrations and with mortality after 10 days. Turbidity measurements can therefore give a rapid indication of sediment toxicity, permitting a reduction in storage time of sediments to be used in dilution series and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) tests, reducing the likelihood of contaminants degrading prior to testing.     

关于估量河流供水量变化的問題

关于河流供水量的多年变化問題,很多研究者都做过研究。而且,由于沒有估量年徑流量变化的成因分析方法,而几乎迫使所有研究者不得不应用概率理論来解决这一問題。但是这个理論只可能估算徑流量变化范圍及不同数值的流量出现的概率,而并沒有提供定出被研究现象在年序中的情况的可能性。为了对于河流年徑流量变化的特点,这种变化按年代次序演变的情况以及几条河流供水量变化过程同时发生的情况等等問題,获得比較明确的概念,到目     

Early Cretaceous Climate Changes Recorded in Magnetic Susceptibility and Color Index Variations of the Lower Liupanshan Group, Central China

This study carried out comprehensive analysis on sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility(χlf) and color data of the continental sediments of the Liupanshan Group in Central China so as to obtain climatic change information during the 129.14–122.98 Ma interval. Based on the results of the ?lf and of the redness(a*), the section can be divided into two segments:(1) 129.14–126.3 Ma, with the lowest ?lf values and strongly variable relatively high values of redness and(2) 126.3–122.98 Ma, with high ?lf values and relatively low redness. Analysis of the lithology and facies as well as the magnetic minerals and their contents points to a detrital origin of the magnetic minerals and this allow us to interpret the relationship between magnetic susceptibility variations and climate changes. Our study shows that the climate was significantly dry and hot during the whole studied interval although the interval between 126.3 Ma and 122.98 was a little bit cooler with increased humidity.     

Detection and isolation of p-nitrophenol-lowering bacteria from intestine of marine fishes caught in Japanese waters

To determine the existence of p-nitrophenol (PNP)-lowering bacteria in intestine of Japanese coastal fish, the gastro-intestinal contents were incubated in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and minimal medium (MM) broths containing 1 mmol/L PNP at 30 °C for 7 days. Among 26 samples of 19 fish species, 17 samples showed a decrease in PNP of 0.5-0.8 mmol/L in BHI broth, but no decrease was shown in MM broth. Eighteen PNP-lowering bacterial strains were isolated from four fishes. All of the strains were identified as Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Three L. lactis strains JS1-3 isolated from Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus showed the highest PNP-lowering activity (0.44 mmol/L). Optimum temperature and pH for the growth and PNP decreasing corresponded with the marine environment. These results suggested that marine fishes have PNP decreasing bacteria in their intestine. These bacteria might protect host fish from toxicities of PNP and PNP related compounds.