地震区域划分的任务与方法

地震是人们在生活活动中必须极其重视的一种自然现象。地震不止一次地造成巨大的灾害:建筑物和整个城市的毁灭,很多人的死亡。所以很自然地,预先查明可能发生某种强度地震的地方就是一件有重大意义的事情。这就是地震区域划分的任务。假如这个问题可以满意地解决,那么在地震危险地区兴建建筑物时,就可以事先采取适当的预防方法,因而可以防止人们的死亡和贵重建筑物的破坏。在苏联许多地区,主要是南部和东部的边区,都受到地震的威脅,这些地震有时达到灾难性的强度。七个加盟共和国的首都是位於地震危险的区域。这些情况使地震区域划分成为非常迫切的任务,苏联政府一向是用最广泛的方式来促进这方面科学研究的发展。     

广东龙窝花岗闪长质岩体的年代学、地球化学及岩石成因

龙窝岩体是南岭地区燕山早期具幔源组分贡献的花岗岩的典型代表,其主体岩性为花岗闪长岩,岩体中含有深色闪长质包体,锆石ELA-ICP-MS定年结果表明花岗闪长岩的形成年龄为169.1±2.5Ma,属中侏罗世岩浆活动的产物。地球化学特征上,该岩体铝弱过饱和(A/NKC=1.0～1.1),相对贫碱,富钾(K_2O/Na_2O=1.15～1.45),富轻稀土和大离子亲石元素(如Rb、Cs、Th、U),贫高场强元素(如Nb、Ti)。闪长质包体具有与寄主岩相似的矿物组合,但铁镁矿物含量及过渡族元素(V、CR、Co、Ni)丰度相对偏高,二者的主量和微量元素表现出混合成因的演化趋势。寄主岩与包体具有相近的Sr、Nd同位素组成,I_(Sr)和ε_(Nd)(t)值分别为0.70843～0.70995、-6.53～-8.89和0.70797～0.70882、-4.71～-9.24,均表现出壳幔混源花岗岩类岩石的特点。二元混合模拟计算显示寄主岩与包体成岩过程中地幔物质的混入比例分别为32.9％～40.4％和 31.8％～46.4％。通过对岩石产出构造背景及地质地球化学特征的综合分析,表明龙窝花岗闪长岩及其中的闪长质包体是在伸展-引张环境下,由幔源基性岩浆及其诱发的壳源长英质岩浆混合作用的产物。     

A hydrometeorological analysis of the severe rainstorm of 20–22 September 1900 over the Gangetic West Bengal

A hydrometeorological study is made of the September, 1900 severe rainstorm which led up to the record rain-falls over Gangetic West Bengal with subsequent disastrous flooding in the Damodar and the Hooghly rivers. The spatial extent of the rainstorm for different durations has been examined by constructing the isohyetal patterns based on rainfall records of stations affected by the storm. Areal rainfalls for 1,2 and 3-day periods are calculated and the values have been compared with similar values from other major rainstorms of the region. The comparison revealed that the September, 1900 rainstorm was the heaviest for 1,2 and 3-day durations for all the areas. The storm contrib-uted rainfalls of 33.0 cm, 52.0 cm and 62.0 cm over an area of 10,000 km2 in 1,2 and 3 days respectively. This rainstorm could, therefore, be considered as an important input in flood and design storm studies in the Gangetic West Bengal region. A relationship between point to areal rainfall has also been developed with a view to evaluate areal PMP estimates.     

地質普查准則和标志

凡是指出在这种或那种条件下可能發現矿床的任何地質前提(和有啓發性的概念)都可称之为地質普查准則。“准則”这兩个字較之“前提”兩个字更符合于定义的主要內容,因为它表示着“評价的尺度”。“准則”这兩个字在馬克思主义經典著作中,例如在列宁的著作中,被广泛地采用着。     

基于地质统计学的NDVI图像估值技术

将疏采样后的NDVI图像作为未受云层影响的已知数据,分别用普通克里格、泛克里格、指示克里格和序贯指示模拟对NDVI图像进行恢复并比较其效果。研究发现,各种克里格法对NDVI图像的估值效果由高到低依次为泛克里格、普通克里格、指示克里格,通常计算方便的普通克里格法就能够满足图像恢复所要求的精度;普通克里格方差和泛克里格方差只能反映数据的构型,不能很好地衡量估值图像的不确定性,指示克里格的条件方差的分布和实际误差的分布基本一致,能够较好地衡量估值图像的不确定性,并且其大小与NDVI影像数据的不确定性大小的分布一致。序贯指示模拟得到的多个等概率实现表现出很大的空间变异性,多个实现的均值图像光滑效应明显,估值精度不高,但是多个实现的方差分布可以很好地表征空间数据的不确定性分布。     

地壳中的应力与拆离构造

这里所说的应力是沿先存断裂(断层和节理)滑动所需要的应力,即变形方式本质上为脆性。这是应力的上限,因为很弱的岩石(如片岩、页岩)在很小的应力下便发生变形。该应力可由下式给出:τ=μσn式中μ为摩擦系数。该关系式便是大家所熟知的Byerlee定律。就我所知,Byerlee不是最早发现这一关系者,最早是由德温斯(译音)提出的。Sibson(1977)在《自然》杂志中将这一定律运用于形成正断层、逆断层和平移断层对可能存在的应力分布(图1)。马杏垣教     

Applying foraminiferal stratigraphy as a biomarker for heavy metal contamination and mining impact in a fiord in West Greenland

Sulphidic mine waste disposed in marine environments constitutes an environmental risk to aquatic life due to potential uptake and accumulation of heavy metals in biota. Fiord sediments near the former Black Angel Mine in West Greenland are contaminated by lead and zinc as a result of submarine tailings disposal in 1973-1990. In 1999 cores were taken up to 10 km away from the disposal area. Analyses include heavy metals, radiochemical dating (210Pb) and high-resolution foraminiferal stratigraphy. The mining operation resulted in significant changes in the assemblage composition. In addition, up to 20% of the Melonis barleeanus population found in sediment deposited during nearby tailings disposal was deformed compared to a natural background of less than 5%. Throughout cores representing the last 100 years of sedimentation, the total numbers and frequency of morphological abnormalities among M. barleeanus revealed some correlation with heavy metals concentrations (up to r2 = 79%). We conclude that abnormalities among foraminifera may represent a useful biomarker for evaluating trends in the biological impact resulting of submarine tailings disposal as well as long-term environmental impact and subsequent recovery.     

Biogeochemical evolution of a landfill leachate plume, Norman, Oklahoma

Leachate from municipal landfills can create groundwater contaminant plumes that may last for decades to centuries. The fate of reactive contaminants in leachate-affected aquifers depends on the sustainability of biogeochemical processes affecting contaminant transport. Temporal variations in the configuration of redox zones downgradient from the Norman Landfill were studied for more than a decade. The leachate plume contained elevated concentrations of nonvolatile dissolved organic carbon (NVDOC) (up to 300 mg/L), methane (16 mg/L), ammonium (650 mg/L as N), iron (23 mg/L), chloride (1030 mg/L), and bicarbonate (4270 mg/L). Chemical and isotopic investigations along a 2D plume transect revealed consumption of solid and aqueous electron acceptors in the aquifer, depleting the natural attenuation capacity. Despite the relative recalcitrance of NVDOC to biodegradation, the center of the plume was depleted in sulfate, which reduces the long-term oxidation capacity of the leachate-affected aquifer. Ammonium and methane were attenuated in the aquifer relative to chloride by different processes: ammonium transport was retarded mainly by physical interaction with aquifer solids, whereas the methane plume was truncated largely by oxidation. Studies near plume boundaries revealed temporal variability in constituent concentrations related in part to hydrologic changes at various time scales. The upper boundary of the plume was a particularly active location where redox reactions responded to recharge events and seasonal water-table fluctuations. Accurately describing the biogeochemical processes that affect the transport of contaminants in this landfill-leachate-affected aquifer required understanding the aquifer's geologic and hydrodynamic framework.     

苏门答腊特大地震时静电传感器的记录响应

国际标准时间2004年12月26日00时58分50．7秒，在印度尼西亚北部的苏门答腊岛以西近海发生了Mw9．3级地震。对此在意大利的一个地震台站用于监测近震对滑坡监测系统影响的静电传感器（观测地球静电场的短周期变化的设备）同时记录到了很强的电信号。