Die tägliche Periode der Lufttemperatur in Bodennähe und ihre geographische Verteilung

Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von Beobachtungsdaten und theoretischen Erwägungen wird eine Darstellung der Hauptglieder der täglichen Temperaturschwankung und ihrer Verteilung über die Erde in Form von Reihen von trigonometrischen undLegendre-Funktionen gegeben. Ein Vergleich mit einer rein theoretisch erhaltenen Darstellung vonKertz zeigt in großen Zügen eine befriedigende Übereinstimmung beider Ergebnisse.

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Summary A representation is given of the main terms of the daily temperature variation and their global distribution as a series of trigonometric andLegendre functions, based partly on observational data, partly on theoretical considerations. A comparison with a representation obtained byKertz on a purely theoretical basis shows in general a satisfactory agreement.

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Résumé Partant de données d'observations et de considérations théoriques, l'auteur a établi, au moyen de séries de fonctions trigonométriques et deLegendre, une représentation des éléments principaux de la variation diurne de la température ainsi que de sa répartition sur le globe. La comparaison du résultat à une représentation semblable faite parKertz sur une base purement théorique indique une similitude satisfaisante.

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Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde während eines Aufenthaltes am Meteorologischen Institut der Universität München ausgeführt.     

Disturbances in an infinite slab due to torsional forces applied on a cylindrical cavity

Summary The paper deals with the disturbances in an infinite slab of finite thickness, the medium being homogeneous, isotropic and perfectly elastic.     

Structure and petrology of an alpine peridotite on Cypress Island,Washington, U.S.A

A study of the structural petrology of a peridotite exposed on Cypress Island in Skagit Co., Washington, U.S.A. has been carried out. The Cypress peridotite is, by virtue of its composition, structure and associations, typical of ultramafics of the alpine type. It contains relict layering and accumulative textures which show it to have originated by crystal settling from a magma of unknown initial composition. Parallelism of lineations and b-axes of folds in the layering with well-developed [100]-maxima in the fabrics of olivine crystals is considered to have arisen through a penetrative deformation of the mass accompanied by plastic flow or recrystallization of the olivine. An indication of the minimum temperature of the deformation is provided by cross-cutting veins of pyroxenite which have not participated in the folding. The most satisfactory interpretation of the overall fabric of the peridotite is that it was deformed, possibly during intrusion, as a crystal mush, and that filter pressing due to compaction of the solid particles by plastic flow or recrystallization removed all but a small percentage of the magmatic fraction which then crystallized following cessation of the movements.     

Note on the propagation of waves from a spherical cavity in an infinite solid

Summary The present note, as its title implies, is concerned with the investigation of disturbances in an infinite elastic medium containing an initial magnetic field in the axial direction. The equations ofMaxwell, those of elasticity have been effectively made use of to solve the problem.     

IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING PROBLEM AREAS IN SOIL EROSION SURVEYS USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

Gully erosion has for many years been a problem in Rhodesia1s Tribal Trust Lands. This paper describes how Soil Conservation Service staff, with no previous ground knowledge of these areas, used good quality 1/25,000 scale aerial photographs to measure the extent of the gully erosion and to pinpoint erosion “black spots.” This enabled quick and reliable estimates of the cost of reclamation work to be made without the need for time-consuming field survey. The survey method discussed is capable of wide application wherever gully erosion occurs and needs to be brought under control.     

Climatic satellite monitoring of the external heat balance of the oceans and Black Sea

The long-wave outgoing radiation, effective cloudiness equal to the product of the total cloud amount by their optical density, and the sea-surface temperature determined from the satellites are used to determine the annual course of the components of external heat balance on the sea surface whose climatic anomalies, parallel with the meridional heat and water transfer in the ocean-atmosphere system, specify the intraannual and interannual large-scale variations of weather in different regions of the Earth. The development of these studies is connected with the progress of satellite hydrophysics because the data obtained from the space become sufficiently exact, regular, and global. The increase in the existing data array on the external heat balance of the oceans from ∼15–20 to 100 yr and more would promote the solution of the problem of oscillations of Earth's climate. We present examples of coordinated numerical analysis of the heat balance of the upper (0–100 m ) layer of the Black Sea performed on the basis of the shipborne and satellite data. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 59–75, November–December, 2007.     

Fate and effects of a heavy fuel oil spill on a Georgia salt marsh

Addition of a heavy oil to a Spartina salt marsh in the autumn resulted in high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment and benthic animals. The highest concentrations of phenanthrene, chrysene and fluoranthene in the sediment were 112, 105 and 75 ng/g sediment, respectively. These concentrations rapidly decreased during the 20 week period following the spill. The times for these hydrocarbons to decrease to 50% of their highest values, i.e. half-life, were approximately 100, 70 and 30 days in sediment, mussels and oysters, respectively. Benthic macrofauna species showed three responses to oil addition which included no change, an increase, or a decrease in the population. No changes were noted in populations of fiddler crabs (Uca pugnax), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and mussels (Modiolus demissus). Mud snails (Nassarius obsoleta) increased in density after the spill due to immigration of adult snails from untreated areas to scavenge on animals killed by the oil. Many of the adult periwinkles (Littorina irrorata) were killed by the oil. In the spring, juvenile periwinkles recolonised to oiled areas as a result of larvae settling.