Some characteristics of ozone profiles above Hong Kong

Summary Analysis of ozonesonde data shows that in the lower troposphere above Hong Kong, there is a relative maximum with respect to height in all seasons except winter. In the upper troposphere, there is with respect to height a relative minimum in the seasonally averaged ozone mixing ratio in winter. Ozone mixing ratios in the upper troposphere in winter and spring can be significantly enhanced by stratospheric intrusions associated with the passage of cold fronts and upper cut-off lows.For Hong Kong, the seasonally averaged total ozone has the highest value in spring, and the lowest in winter. The seasonally averaged total tropospheric ozone also has the highest value in spring, but the lowest in summer. In a relative sense, total tropospheric ozone contributes most to the total ozone in spring and the least in summer.The phase of the total ozone anomaly above Hong Kong is influenced by the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), with the positive anomaly associated with the easterly phase of QBO, and the negative anomaly the westerly phase.     

高温后花岗岩巴西劈裂抗拉实验及超声特性研究

采用非金属超声检测分析仪和液压伺服试验系统装置,研究不同温度（25 ℃～1 000 ℃)作用后花岗岩的超声特性,分析不同温度条件下花岗岩的劈裂抗拉强度。结果表明,（1）高温后花岗岩的纵波波速、超声波形以及劈裂抗拉强度都与温度的变化密切相关;（2）随着温度的增高,花岗岩试样的纵波波速和劈裂抗拉强度逐渐减小,经历1 000 ℃高温后,纵波波速下降90%,劈裂抗拉强度下降65%,并且,纵波波速和抗拉强度间存在一定的相关性;（3）超声波波形随温度升高由整齐变混乱,由密集变稀疏,尤其在800 ℃波形变化最明显;（4）花岗岩试样的热损伤不断增加,经历1 000 ℃热损伤后,试样的脆性增加,变得轻脆易碎。     

化学地层划分在区域地质调查中的应用

利用岩层中的地球化学差异对地层进行划分是地层学的研究方法之一。本文利用在区调工作中获得的较为系统的岩石光谱半定量全分析数据,采用有序样品最优分割法和对分移动窗口法,对新疆温都哈拉一带的古生代地层进行了化学地层划分,并与野外根据宏观岩性特征划分的岩石地层单位进行了比较。     

Ecological conflicts in Poland

Transformation of the political system, observed in Poland for 10 years in connection with economic restructuring and basic socio-economic reforms to harmonise with European Union structures, is also evident in terms of environmental management. Pollution has been reduced in many ways but the rise in living standards, linked with the rapid growth of cars and other forms of consumption, has had a negative effect and environmental conditions have deteriorated in the central areas of large cities. The growth of waste water and refuse is a considerable problem. More areas are now officially protected and the three levels of local government established at the beginning of January 1999 (voivodeship, district and community) all have certain defined environmental protection responsibilities which are cumulatively greater than before. Meanwhile there is a greater awareness in society of environmental issues, although it does not yet lead to a high level of participation in protection work. However, there are strongly-expressed opinions on the ecological acceptability of certain economic developments and conflicts are frequently arising within communities and local governments and also between investors on the one side and ecological organisations and environmental protection institutions on the other. Most controversial are new roads, power stations (like the Zarnowiec nuclear project) and reservoirs like the one on the Dunajec river at Czorsztyn. Local communities frequently resist plans for waste dumps, incinerating plants and other developments which are seen as injurious to health or the quality of life. The planned reprivatisation of the state-owned forests is also criticised by foresters and ecological movements. Conflicts are likely to grow as economic development accelerates but better information and greater public understanding of the need for sustainability should make for consensus. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Iron and Sulfur Chemistry in a Stratified Lake: Evidence for Iron-Rich Sulfide Complexes

A four month study of a man-made lake used for hydroelectric power generation in northeastern Pennsylvania USA was conducted to investigate seasonal anoxia and the effects of sulfide species being transported downstream of the power generation equipment. Water column analyses show that the system is iron-rich compared to sulfide. Total Fe(II) concentrations in the hypolimnion are typically at least twice the total sulfide levels. In situ voltammetric analyses show that free Fe(II) as [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ or free H₂S as H₂S/HS^- are either not present or at trace levels and that iron-rich sulfide complexes are present. From the in situ data and total Fe(II) and H₂S measurements, we infer that these iron-rich sulfide complexes may have stoichiometries such as Fe₂SH³⁺ (or polymeric forms of this and other stoichiometries). These iron-rich sulfide complexes appear related to dissolution of the iron-rich FeS mineral, mackinawite, because IAP calculations on data from discrete bottle samples obtained from bottom waters are similar to the pK_sp of mackinawite. Soluble iron-sulfide species are stable in the absence of O₂ (both in lake waters and the pipeline) and transported several miles during power generation. However, iron-sulfide complexes can react with O₂ to oxidize sulfide and can also dissociate releasing volatile H₂S when the waters containing them are exposed to the atmosphere downstream of the powerplant. Sediment analyses show that the lake is rich in oxidized iron solids (both crystalline and amorphous). Fe concentrations in FeS solids are low (<5 μmole/gr_{dry wt}) and the pyrite concentration ranges from about equal to the solid FeS to 30 times the solid FeS concentration. The degree of pyritization is below 0.12 indicating that pyrite formation is limited by free sulfide, which can react with the iron-rich sulfide complexes.     

Basaltic melts in olivine from alkaline pumice of Primor’e: Evidence from the study of melt inclusions

Doklady Earth Sciences -     

Methods of Hierarchical Control of Water Quality Taking into Account Manipulations of the Center and Countermoves of Enterprises

Methods of hierarchical control including manipulations of a Center and the countermove of enterprises are considered using as an example a dynamic two-level model of river water quality control in the presence of point pollution sources and in the absence of nonpoint sources.     

Range of validity of seismic ray and beam methods in general inhomogeneous media – I. General theory

Summary. The limitations of asymptotic wave theory and its geometrical manifestations are newly formalized and scrutinized. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of acoustic and seismic rays and beams in general inhomogeneous media are expressed in terms of new physical parameters: the threshold frequency ω₀ associated with the P/S decoupling condition, the cut-off frequency ω_c associated with the radiation-zone condition, the total curvature of the wavefront and the Fresnel-zone radius.
The analysis is facilitated with the introduction of a new ancillary functional – the hypereikonal which is capable of representing ordinary as well as evanescent waves. The hypereikonal is the natural extension of the eikonal theory.
With the aid of the above new parameters, simple conditions are obtained for the decoupled far field, the decoupled near field, two point dynamic ray tracing, paraxial wavefields and Gaussian beams.     

Chemical oceanography, vol. 8: Edited by J.P. Riley and R. Chester. Academic Press, London, 1983, xvi + 398 pp., £45.00/US $75.00 (hardcover)

Representative profiles of inorganic nitrogenous species dissolved in interstitial waters of coral reef sands are presented. Ammonium is the dominant nitrogenous species in these pore waters with concentrations of up to 40 μm. Nitrate is present but in lower concentrations. Nitrite is found only occasionally in trace amounts. Computations of diffusive fluxes and inferences concerning microbial activity are derived from the profile structures. Computed flux rates of nitrogenous species from the sediment to the water column range between 0.75 and 1.37 μM m^?1 h^?1. These inputs may represent a significant source of recycled nitrogen to the primary producers of the coral reef ecosystem.     

全国危机矿山接替资源找矿专项煤炭项目成果综述

煤炭是我国最重要的基础性能源,经过数十年高强度的开采和开发,一大批大中型矿山资源枯竭,成为危机矿山。通过煤炭资源找矿专项的实施,取得了重大的找矿进展：①新发现并查明了一批资源储量,延长了诸多危机矿山的服务年限;②对我国深部找煤勘查方法进行了初步总结;③丰富了我国聚煤作用研究的内容．使老矿山深部和外围找煤理论和方法得以完善;④在复杂地质条件勘查区（推覆体下、红层下及火成岩下）找煤取得突破性的进展。