Dynamics of flood water infiltration and ground water recharge in hyperarid desert

A study on flood water infiltration and ground water recharge of a shallow alluvial aquifer was conducted in the hyperarid section of the Kuiseb River, Namibia. The study site was selected to represent a typical desert ephemeral river. An instrumental setup allowed, for the first time, continuous monitoring of infiltration during a flood event through the channel bed and the entire vadose zone. The monitoring system included flexible time domain reflectometry probes that were designed to measure the temporal variation in vadose zone water content and instruments to concurrently measure the levels of flood and ground water. A sequence of five individual floods was monitored during the rainy season in early summer 2006. These newly generated data served to elucidate the dynamics of flood water infiltration. Each flood initiated an infiltration event which was expressed in wetting of the vadose zone followed by a measurable rise in the water table. The data enabled a direct calculation of the infiltration fluxes by various independent methods. The floods varied in their stages, peaks, and initial water contents. However, all floods produced very similar flux rates, suggesting that the recharge rates are less affected by the flood stages but rather controlled by flow duration and available aquifer storage under it. Large floods flood the stream channel terraces and promote the larger transmission losses. These, however, make only a negligible contribution to the recharge of the ground water. It is the flood duration within the active streambed, which may increase with flood magnitude that is important to the recharge process.     

Geochemical tracers to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on river salinization

The salinization of rivers, as indicated by salinity increases in the downstream direction, is characteristic of arid and semiarid regions throughout the world. Historically, salinity increases have been attributed to various mechanisms, including (1) evaporation and concentration during reservoir storage, irrigation, and subsequent reuse; (2) displacement of shallow saline ground water during irrigation; (3) erosion and dissolution of natural deposits; and/or (4) inflow of deep saline and/or geothermal ground water (ground water with elevated water temperature). In this study, investigation of salinity issues focused on identification of relative salinity contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources in the Lower Rio Grande in the New Mexico-Texas border region. Based on the conceptual model of the system, the various sources of water and, therefore, salinity to the Lower Rio Grande were identified, and a sampling plan was designed to characterize these sources. Analysis results for boron (delta(11)B), sulfur (delta(34)S), oxygen (delta(18)O), hydrogen (delta(2)H), and strontium ((87)Sr/(86)Sr) isotopes, as well as basic chemical data, confirmed the hypothesis that the dominant salinity contributions are from deep ground water inflow to the Rio Grande. The stable isotopic ratios identified the deep ground water inflow as distinctive, with characteristic isotopic signatures. These analyses indicate that it is not possible to reproduce the observed salinization by evapotranspiration and agricultural processes alone. This investigation further confirms that proper application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers can be used to identify and constrain multiple sources of solutes in complex river systems.     

The Sea Empress oil spill (Wales, UK): effects on Common Scoter Melanitta nigra in Carmarthen Bay and status ten years later

Carmarthen Bay, UK, regularly supports internationally important numbers (>16,000) of non-breeding Common Scoters Melanitta nigra. The spill of 72,000 tonnes of crude oil from the Sea Empress in 1996 affected birds both through direct mortality and likely pollution of key food resources. Numbers were greatly reduced following the spill, whilst changes in the distribution of birds within Carmarthen Bay suggested that potentially sub-optimal foraging zones were used. However, ten years after the incident, numbers of Common Scoter were no different to those recorded immediately before the spill. Compared to some other spills, rapid revival is evident. Numbers increased to pre-spill levels within three winters and distributional changes suggested a concurrent return to previously contaminated feeding areas, implying that the ecosystem had regenerated sufficiently to support its top predator. The importance of prolonged, standardised monitoring of bird numbers and distribution as indicators of ecological recovery from environmental damage is emphasised.     

(137)Cs baseline levels in the Mediterranean and Black Sea: a cross-basin survey of the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch programme

The common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was selected as unique biomonitor species to implement a regional monitoring programme, the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch (MMW), in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As of today, and upon standardization of the methodological approach, the MMW Network has been able to quantify (137)Cs levels in mussels from 60 coastal stations and to produce the first distribution map of this artificial radionuclide at the scale of the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas. While measured (137)Cs levels were found to be very low (usually < 1 Bq kg(-1) wet wt) (137)Cs activity concentrations in the Black Sea and North Aegean Sea were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the western Mediterranean Basin. Such effects, far from representing a threat to human populations or the environment, reflect a persistent signature of the Chernobyl fallout in this area.     

基于库仑应力计算和依赖速率与状态摩擦反应的余震预测敏感性研究

利用Dieterich（1994）提出的物理模型模拟应力的变化而引起的地震活动时空演化过程。通过依赖于速率和状态的摩擦定律,将其应用于无限地震成核点群。模拟结果显示,地震活动速率变化取决于应力扰动的幅度、断层的基本物理特性（用参数Aa表示）、应力加载速率和研究区的参考地震活动速率。为了使该模型具有一定的预报性,我们着重研究了物理模型的参数和参数间的相关关系对模拟结果的影响。首先,我们讨论了参考地震活动速率的不同定义,并以美国1992年的兰德斯地震序列为例,说明其对地震发生速率计算中的影响;其次,我们从物理上和统计上论证了模型各参数间均存在强相关。我们讨论了这种相关性并强调指出,参考地震活动速率、应力加载速率和Aa值这些模型参数的估计与模拟再现观测到余震序列密切相关。我们推导出的解析关系证明了这些模型参数对于与大森定律相当的余震衰减律的意义,模型参数决定了大森定律中时间常数C值和常数因子K,并表示p值≤1．0。论文最后讨论了以准实时预测为目标的约束模型参数的最优策略。     

用计算地球科学研究方法探讨地质现象的动力学机制——以断层中等距成矿分布为例

主要目的是系统地提出与近年来发展起来的计算地球科学新兴学科相关的研究方法．以强透水性三维断层中矿床等距分布为例,探讨应用计算地球科学研究方法揭示已观察到地质现象的动力学机制．有关结果表明：（1）孔隙介质中流体对流是强透水性三维断层中矿床等距性分布的主要动力学机制．（2）计算地球科学研究方法的主要特征是把传统地学中常用的经验性描述方法变革为以基本科学原理为基础的定量化科学研究方法,为深入探讨地质现象的动力学机制提供了一种现代化科学研究工具．     

A simple guideline to apply excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) for the characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in anoxic marine sediments

Marine sediments represent a major carbon reservoir on Earth. Dissolved organic matter(DOM) in pore waters accumulates products and intermediates of carbon cycling in sediments. The application of excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy(EEMs) in the analysis of subseafloor DOM samples is largely unexplored due to the redoxsensitive matrix of anoxic pore water. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the interference caused by the matrix on EEMs and propose a guideline to prepare pore water sam...     

湖泊观测中的自动水下潜水器

This paper proposed the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) for lake observation. The performance of the proposed system is demonstrated at the lake Biwa in Japan using the test-bed AUV the "Twin-Burger 2" available at the University of Tokyo. The proposed AUV system is capable of moving autonomously to predetermined locations carrying different kinds of sensing equipment for lake survey and sensors for navigation. In this system, the predetermined path of the AUV is marked by laying an underwater cable. At the lake Biwa the Twin-Burger 2 successfully followed the cable while collecting information on the environment. In situations where the cable was lost from the image a search algorithm was activated and if not recovered the vehicle will come to the surface.     

从沉积物特征谈太湖的演变

通过太湖湖底淤泥层中的微体古生物及其物理化学分析,在西太潮W1孔发现多门类海相化石。海相化石出现的时间约在1100—5000aB.P.之间。据此提出西太湖在全新世期间曾遭受海侵,因而支持了太湖形成于泻湖的说法,同时,还提出海水进入太湖的时间,比以往学者推测的早2000多年。     

Variation of Small Scale Magnetic Fields Over a Century using Ca-K Images as Proxy

A combined uniform and long-time series of Ca-K images from the Kodaikanal Observatory, Mount Wilson Observatory and Mauna Loa Solar Observatory was used to identify and study the Ca-K small-scale features and their solar cycle variations over a century. The small scale features are classified into three distinct categories:enhanced network, active network and quiet network. All these features show that their areas vary according to the11 yr solar cycle. The relative amplitude of the Ca-K networ...