缺氧环境中的成矿作用及构造,岩性和时间对成矿作用的控制

缺氧环境中，金属从海水、古卤水或热水溶液中被吸附和沉淀而发生积聚。在后来的变质和岩浆作用过程中，金属重新活化，形成矿床。这种矿化类型主要受缺氧环境的构造背景类型控制。被动边缘的碳质沈积岩只含有铀、钒和钼的次经济富集；含铜黑色页岩和海底喷流型矿化则限于大陆裂谷和拉拗槽环境或活动边缘的弧后盆地；变质矿术主要与碰掸边缘有关，但也出现于其它的构造环境类型。含铜黑色页岩的形成，受地球演化过程中超大陆裂开时低     

Campanian Climatic Change: Isotopic Evidence from Far East, North America, North Atlantic and Western Europe

Paleoclimatic settings have been reconstructed for the Campanian using original oxygen-isotopic analyses of well-preserved molluskan and foraminifera shells from Russian Far East, Hokkaido, USA, Belgium and some DSDP holes (95, 98, 102, 390A, and 392A) in North Atlantic. Early Early Campanian climatic optimum has been recognized from data on high bottom shelf water paleotemperatures in middle latitudes of both the western circum-Pacific (to 24.2°C) and the eastern circum-Pacific (to 26.4°C) areas and high bottom shallow water paleotemperatures in high latitudes of the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), which agrees with the data on the Campanian Barykovskaya flora in high latitudes (Golovneva and Herman, 1998) and Jonker flora and its equivalents in middle latitudes. Judging from the data on comparatively high bottom shallow water paleotemperature values in high latitudes, South Alaska (19.4°C) and the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), we also expect Latest Campanian temperature maximum, which has not been confirmed, however, for low and middle latitudes by neither of isotopic nor paleobotanic data now. Main climatic tendency during the Campanian (with the exception of Latest Campanian) has been learned from isotopic composition of Campanian aragonitic ammonoid shells from the Hokkaido-South Sakhalin (Krilyon) marine basin. In contrary to Huber’s et al. (2002) assumption, we expect warm greenhouse conditions during the most part of the Campanian.     

普通大地构造学基本问题

大地构造学研究地壳的运动和变形,及被这些运动和变形所决定的岩层的产状。大地构造学确定地壳的运动历史,并阐明地壳运动发展过程中所遵循的规律,因此,它能够给予地壳构造演化的清晰概念,因为这种构造是由地壳的深部力量所控制的。大     

Response of single benthic metrics and multi-metric methods to anthropogenic pressure gradients, in five distinct European coastal and transitional ecosystems

In recent times many benthic indices have been proposed to assess the ecological quality of marine waters worldwide. In this study we compared single metrics and multi-metric methods to assess coastal and transitional benthic status along human pressure gradients in five distinct environments across Europe: Varna bay and lake (Bulgaria), Lesina lagoon (Italy), Mondego estuary (Portugal), Basque coast (Spain) and Oslofjord (Norway). Hence, 13 single metrics (abundance, number of taxa, and several diversity and sensitivity indices) and eight of the most common indices used within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) for benthic assessment were selected: index of size spectra (ISS), Benthic assessment tool (BAT), Norwegian quality index (NQI), Multivariate AMBI (M-AMBI), Benthic quality index (BQI), (Benthic ecosystem quality index (BEQI), Benthic index based on taxonomic sufficiency (BITS), and infaunal quality index (IQI). Within each system, sampling sites were ordered in an increasing pressure gradient according to a preliminary classification based on professional judgement. The different indices are largely consistent in their response to pressure gradient, except in some particular cases (i.e. BITS, in all cases, or ISS when a low number of individuals is present). Inconsistencies between indicator responses were most pronounced in transitional waters (i.e. IQI, BEQI), highlighting the difficulties of the generic application of indicators to all marine, estuarine and lagoonal environments. However, some of the single (i.e. ecological groups approach, diversity, richness) and multi-metric methods (i.e. BAT, M-AMBI, NQI) were able to detect such gradients both in transitional and coastal environments, being these multi-metric methods more consistent in the detection than single indices. This study highlights the importance of survey design and good reference conditions for some indicators. The agreement observed between different methodologies and their ability to detect quality trends across distinct environments constitutes a promising result for the implementation of the WFD’s monitoring plans. Moreover, these results have management implications, regarding the dangers of misclassification, uncertainty in the assessment, use of conflicting indices, and testing and validation of indices.     

Differential sensitivity of flounder (Platichthys flesus) in response to oestrogenic chemical exposure: an issue for design and interpretation of monitoring and research programmes

This study was conducted as an initial investigation of 'differential response' in one of the main sentinel organisms used for monitoring programmes in United Kingdom estuaries, the flounder Platichthys flesus. It has been hypothesised that monitoring using species with a wide geographical spread and limited migration, such as flounder, might result in the comparison of different genetic stocks and certainly of populations with differing early life stage contaminant exposure histories. Furthermore, it is probable that these pre-exposure and genetic differences could manifest themselves in an ability to respond differently to contaminant exposure, so-called 'differential response'. It is important that the extent and nature of this response is understood, if we want to be able to fully interpret the monitoring data from such programmes. During this study, flounder were collected from four separate sources; wild caught fish from the estuaries of the Rivers Alde, Mersey and Tyne, and farmed flounder from Port Erin Farm, Isle of Man. Under controlled laboratory conditions, groups of fish from each source were exposed to water-borne concentrations of the synthetic oestrogen ethynylestradiol (EE2) at a nominal concentration of 50 ng/l. Plasma was taken from each male fish after 6 and 10 days exposure and analysed for the presence of vitellogenin (VTG) using an ELISA technique. Significant levels of VTG induction were evident in fish from all sources after both 6 and 10 days exposure. Flounder from the Mersey were the only fish with significantly elevated initial background levels of VTG (day 0) and this appeared to be reflected in that these specimens showed the highest induction response after day 6. However, after day 10, fish from all other sites had a slightly higher mean VTG than those from the Mersey which showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower mean plasma VTG. It is suggested that other differential responses may have been masked by the use of a high dose of EE2 which produced maximum induction in nearly all fish. The findings of the study are discussed in terms of implications for further research into the differential response issue and how the initial plasma VTG figures contribute to a time-series from the Mersey, Tyne and Alde estuaries.     

石油和天然气地球化学普查的科学原理

石油和天然气地球化学普查方法,是以利用含油气性的各种地球化学标志或地球化学指标为依据的。由于油气藏的各组分及与其相伴生的物质的迁移作用,在油气藏上方直至地表的岩层中,以及这些岩层所含的水中均可以观察到含油气性的地球化学标志。气体测量是第一种油气地球化学普查方法,而气测领域内的工作在苏联始于本世纪     

中非东部Kibaran带的地球动力学演化

位于中非东部的Kibaran带被解释为大约在1400～950Ma期间发育的碰撞带。碰撞带演化不同阶段的岩浆特征解释如下: 1.大陆裂谷作用阶段(>1400Ma),在东部扎伊尔下Kibaran单元,角闪岩与大陆拉斑玄武岩质的和碱性同源的麻粒岩互层为特征(Shaba,未公布资料;Kivu,参考资料1)。     

台湾地区的三维P波和S波速度结构:岛弧-大陆碰撞带的深部结构

台湾岛是欧亚大陆架和属菲律宾海板块的吕宋岛弧向北延伸形成的弧形列岛间少有的活动碰撞产物。为了更好地认识这个碰撞的演化和近代构造,我们从台湾遥测地震台网记录的50000个原始记录中挑选了1260个好的地震记录,用于决定该岛下的一维和三维P与S波速度结构。速度结构和地震再定位的结果指出,该岛在构造上分为三个不同的地带。在东部,菲律宾海板块正俯冲于欧亚板块的东部,其北西向边界由地震活动和高速度区圈定。在南部,欧亚大陆板块正俯冲于菲律宾海板块,在大约23°N的东西向边界的南端,它可由壳下地震活动性和相当低的速度区很好地圈定。消减大陆的倾角很小,在吕宋岛弧东边,距主要岛屿50 km内都是这样。在该岛23°N以北的主要部分的结构指出,中央山脉的西部25 km的深度以上有一低速度缓倾带,而在那个深度以下,至少到50 km,呈现窄而陡的倾斜。由窄地震活动带勾画出该低速区的倾向,并延伸到100 km。这个地震带处于速度的鞍部,在24°N的中部低速区呈现明显的断错。因而,欧亚大陆消减带在台湾的证据在该岛下处处存在,地幔低速区证实,但未必需要,在大陆下地壳约6—16 km的消减带至少已达50 km的深度。在23°N速度结构和地震活动性的明显变化及在24°N低速范围的水平断错表明,在通过这些纬度时,消减带特性有突然变化。这些变化可以是吕宋岛弧和消减大陆架相互作用引起,它类似于表面的相互影响。最后,消减的菲律宾海板块的速度结构指出,在70 km深度以下,地震不在板块的高速区内发生,但有可能处于板块的上缘附近。地震位置和速度结构也指出,消减板块是分段的,而且消减作用当今正在22°N的南部发生。     

中非东部扎伊尔Ubendian岩浆作用的岩石学、地球化学和地球动力学的意义

Ubendian造山运动影响了中非东部很大区域,它产生于早元古代期间,在马拉维、坦桑尼亚、扎伊尔和赞比亚境内发育成一条主要呈NW—SE向特征的带。在东北部的沙巴(扎伊尔),常见到新鲜的、保存完好的、裸露的Ubendian侵入岩和火山岩,本文对它们进行了描述。深成—火山杂岩研究结果,显示出3个岩浆旋     

异剥钙榴辉长岩化带中的含铜自然金

1908年,A.B.尼古拉耶夫曾描述过南乌拉尔被称为“金山”区内的产在脉状绿泥—石榴辉石岩体(按现代术语,为“异剥钙榴辉长岩”)中的浸染含铜自然金。此种自然金具有含铜非常高的特点,曾引起许多研究者(洛热奇金、彼列利亚耶夫、诺夫戈罗多瓦、P.O别尔松、波克罗夫斯基等人)的注意,他们的研究成果确定了含铜自然金为AuCu_3(铜金矿)相、AuCu(四方铜金矿)相和含汞的银金矿相。上述矿物被为罕见。因此,当详细研究异剥钙榴辉长岩中金矿化显示时,对所获得有关这些矿物的资料很感兴趣。