元古代及早古生代的微古植物化石

当前,在许多国家和地区古生物工作者十分重视研究古老的微植物化石,特别对于晚元古代及早古生代的微古植物化石的研究,取得了显著成绩。根据外貌特征,微古植物可以分成六个主要群落:球状藻(Sphaeromorphida),棱状藻(Scaphomorphida),多面藻(Edromorphida),刺球藻(Sphaerohystrichomorphida),卵形藻(Ooidomorphida)及椭状藻(Ellipasoidomorphida)。并包括几个亚群落和很多     

热带气旋运动的动力—统计预报业务试验

一、引言近年来,许多热带气旋具有运动异常的性质,从而暴露了纯统计系统所固有的弱点,并促进了动力和统计—动力模式的发展。因此,Miller(1972)等用一种七层模式进行试验,而Neumann和Lawrence(1973)介绍了一种统计—动力模式,即NHC73,它采用美国气象中心的原始方程模式的输出作为统计预报系统的输入。1973年和1974年飓风季节,用NHC73的两种方案在业务预报中作了试验。本文评论了NHC73的发展,介绍了两年中的试验结果,以及提出了将统计、动力概念用于热带气旋预报的发展途径。二、数值预报资料的统计应用 Klein和 Glahn(1974)介绍了两种已成功地将数值预报资料引入统计预报结构的方法。其一是所谓“完全预报”法,另一种称模式输出统计法,简称     

电热式雨强计

本文介绍一种具有对数响应特性的电热式降雨强度计,该仪器是根据使降落到感应器表面的雨水加热蒸发所需要的电功率,以连续测量0.3—350毫米/小时的降水速率。外场试验表明,此仪器与标准翻斗雨量计的观测结果一致。 1.工作原理这种电热降雨强度计是根据四十年代在飞机积冰现象的研究中使用的液态水含量电测仪器发展而来的,它可以检测落到仪器表面的雨水和云中的水通量。仪器有两个固定电位的金属电极,电极之间是一种多孔、吸     

凿岩机的减振装置

目前在工业部门中所使用的风动凿岩机具有很大的振动。列宁格勒国民经济会议区“气动学”工厂于 1963年成批生产 KB1 及KBC1型减振托     

人文地理学中的景观与环境

“景观”在地理学中,尤其在德国地理学科中一直是一个重要的研究课题。景观在美国地理学中也频有影响。最近十多年来,德国的哈德(Hara)在批判景观思想及其方法,然而荷兰的自然地理学家、生物学家和区域规划工作者却要求人文地理学家注意研究景观。二十世纪六十年代后,环境的研究再一次使景观成为大家感兴趣的问题。     

世界大洋沿岸生产活动的分布

一、制约沿海生产活动的因素人类生产活动和世界人口分布日益受到海洋的吸引看来是一个长期趋势,许多沿海国家都有这个倾向。生产活动和人口分布受海洋吸引的程度取决于不同时期海洋所起的不同作用。     

Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Anomalies and Their Link with Indian Summer Monsoon Failures

Analysis of the global mean annual temperature anomalies based on land and marine data for the last 88 years (1901-1988) of this century has been carried out with a view to find any relationship with failures in Indian summer monsoon rainfall. On the climatological scale (i.e. 30 years) it has been noticed that there is an abnormal increase in the frequency of drought years during epochs of global warming and cooling, while it is considerably less when global temperatures are near normal. Results are unchanged even when the data are filtered out for ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation) effect.It has also been noticed that during warm and cold epochs in global temperatures the amount of summer monsoon rainfall decreases as compared to the rainfall during a normal temperature epoch.     

Modelling of sediment movement in the surf and swash zones

Under the action of marine currents, non-cohesive sediments evolve by bed-load, by saltation or suspension depending on their granulometry. Several authors have considered that the movement of sediment...     

Data selection using support vector regression

Geophysical data sets are growing at an ever-increasing rate, requiring computationally efficient data selection(thinning)methods to preserve essential information. Satellites, such as Wind Sat, provide large data sets for assessing the accuracy and computational efficiency of data selection techniques. A new data thinning technique, based on support vector regression(SVR), is developed and tested. To manage large on-line satellite data streams, observations from Wind Sat are formed into subsets by Voronoi tessellation and then each is thinned by SVR(TSVR). Three experiments are performed. The first confirms the viability of TSVR for a relatively small sample, comparing it to several commonly used data thinning methods(random selection, averaging and Barnes filtering), producing a 10% thinning rate(90% data reduction), low mean absolute errors(MAE) and large correlations with the original data. A second experiment, using a larger dataset, shows TSVR retrievals with MAE < 1 m s-1and correlations 0.98. TSVR was an order of magnitude faster than the commonly used thinning methods. A third experiment applies a two-stage pipeline to TSVR, to accommodate online data. The pipeline subsets reconstruct the wind field with the same accuracy as the second experiment, is an order of magnitude faster than the nonpipeline TSVR. Therefore, pipeline TSVR is two orders of magnitude faster than commonly used thinning methods that ingest the entire data set. This study demonstrates that TSVR pipeline thinning is an accurate and computationally efficient alternative to commonly used data selection techniques.