东雅库梯不同矿石建造金矿床黝铜矿的化学成分特征

东雅库梯不同金矿建造中的黝铜矿可以根据其银含量、铁和锌的比值来区别，由溶液温度、硫活度和氯浓度演变而引起的黝铜矿化学成分的变化往往导致在各个矿体、矿床和地质构造带内产生隐伏的矿物－地球化学分带。     

非饱和带氮形态转化和运移的有限元模型

为了预测同时发生的氮形态的转化和运移,根据迦辽金(Galerkin)剩余加权法和所构成的逆向加权方法提出了一个二维有限元模型。研究氮循环假定了氮形态NH_4~+、NO_3~-、有机氮N和反硝化反应的分馏物之间,氮的硝化作用、反硝化作用、凝滞作用和矿化作用为一级比率系数。在假定NH_4~-的吸附为一弗里德里奇(Freundich)型非线性等温线(S=K_dC~p)的同时,还假定溶解于土壤中的NO_3~--N含量在交换场所的吸附作用可以忽略。通过模型分析的结果与所取得的野外数据相比较来验证所提出的模型的精度和正确性。结果表明逆向加权法较之标准加权剩余方法精度和稳定性都有提高。从氮循环动力学上研究灵敏度表明不同的氮形态浓度和累积质量的分布实际上受到硝化反应速率的影响,而分布系数的影响则较小,同样受到非线性函数P的影响也很小。为了评价这种模型在野外实际情形下的适用范围,将有氮排放的排泄区之下取得的地下水氮浓度的数据与数值模拟的结果相比较。在实验误差范围内,预测结果与观测的数据是一致的。     

岩石物理测量应用于预测岩性差异或孔隙流体的地震响应

岩类学和孔隙中流体内容的确定是综合地震、岩石物理研究的主要目的，因为缺乏一般的反演技术，正演模拟对于研究岩石学、地层学、孔隙流体内容和地震响应的关系是有用的，这个报告描述了在犹他地区对32块岩石标本两个碎屑岩层序的分析的研究，做了详细的岩类学研究，当给俏皮 和横波速度是压力的函数时用超声波作了实验室测量，在标本为干燥的、超压的、盐水饱和的和石油饱和的各种情况下，我们计算了地震频率范围内的速度，速度对孔隙度、碳酸盐的胶结作用和沉积相等是敏感的，我们制作了假设储层为不同饱和状态的速度剖面，速度剖面用于制作合成地震共炮集资料，去研究这些碎屑岩储集层的地震响应，流体饱和度严重影响地震响应，就象有煤层存在时一样，往往观测到振幅随偏移距的变化，但是，地层学对地震响应呈现了较强的影响。     

Travel time tomography inversion and the deep structure of the southern Tibet

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Pathways of carbon oxidation in continental margin sediments off central Chile

Rates and oxidative pathways of organic carbon mineralization were determined in sediments at six stations on the shelf and slope off Concepcion Bay at 36.5 degrees S. The depth distribution of C oxidation rates was determined to 10 cm from accumulation of dissolved inorganic C in 1-5-d incubations. Pathways of C oxidation were inferred from the depth distributions of the potential oxidants (O2, NO3-, and oxides of Mn and Fe) and from directly determined rates of SO4(2-) reduction. The study area is characterized by intense seasonal upwelling, and during sampling in late summer the bottom water over the shelf was rich in NO3- and depleted of O2. Sediments at the four shelf stations were covered by mats of filamentous bacteria of the genera Thioploca and Beggiatoa. Carbon oxidation rates at these sites were extremely high near the sediment surface (>3 micromol cm-3 d-1) and decreased exponentially with depth. The process was entirely coupled to SO4(2-) reduction. At the two slope stations where bottom-water O2 was > 100 microM, C oxidation rates were 10-fold lower and varied less with depth; C oxidation coupled to the reduction of O2, NO3-, and Mn oxides combined to yield an estimated 15% of the total C oxidation between 0 and 10 cm. Carbon oxidation through Fe reduction contributed a further 12-29% of the depth-integrated rate, while the remainder of C oxidation was through SO4(2-) reduction. The depth distribution of Fe reduction agreed well with the distribution of poorly crystalline Fe oxides, and as this pool decreased with depth, the importance of SO4(2-) reduction increased. The results point to a general importance of Fe reduction in C oxidation in continental margin sediments. At the shelf stations, Fe reduction was mainly coupled to oxidation of reduced S. These sediments were generally H2S-free despite high SO4(2-) reduction rates, and precipitation of Fe sulfides dominated H2S scavenging during the incubations. A large NO3- pool was associated with the Thioploca, and the shelf sediments were thus enriched in NO3- relative to the bottom water, with maximum concentrations of 3 micromol cm-3. The NO3- was consumed during our sediment incubations, but no effects on either C or S cycles could be discerned.     

Balloon observations of organic and inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere: the role of HClO4 production on sulfate aerosols

Simultaneous observations of stratospheric organic and inorganic chlorine were made in September 1993 out of Fort Sumner, New Mexico, using JPL balloon-borne MkIV interferometer. Between 15 and 20 km, a significant fraction (20-60%) of the inorganic chlorine could not be accounted for by the sum of measured HCl, ClONO2, and HOCl. Laboratory measurements of the reaction of ClO radicals on sulfuric acid solutions have indicated that, along with HCl, small amounts of perchloric acid, HClO4, were formed. Very little is known about the fate of HClO4 in the stratosphere and we use a photochemical box model to determine the impact of this new species on the partitioning of inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere. Assuming that HClO4 is photochemically stable, it is shown that in the enhanced aerosol loading conditions resulting from Mt. Pinatubo's eruption, HClO4 could represent a significant reservoir of chlorine in the lower stratosphere, sequestering up to 0.2 ppbv (or 50%) of the total inorganic chlorine at 16 km. The occurrence of this new species could bring to closure the inorganic chlorine budget deficiency made apparent by recent ER-2 aircraft in situ measurements of HCl.     

Hyperthermophilic life at deep-sea hydrothermal vents

The discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in 1977 considerably modified the views on deep-sea biology. For the first time, an ecosystem totally based on primary production achieved by chemosynthetic bacteria was discovered. Besides the warm vents where dense invertebrate communities and their symbiotic bacteria are located, the "black smokers" venting fluids at temperatures up to 350 degrees C were also investigated by microbiologists. Several strains of hyperthermophilic Archaea (methanogens, sulfate-reducers, sulfur-reducers) were isolated from smokers and surrounding materials. Deep-sea isolates that have been totally described, have been assigned to new species, within genera previously found in coastal geothermally heated environments. However, some species appear to exist in both deep and shallow ecosystems. Some deep-sea hyperthermophiles appear to be adapted to hydrostatic pressure and showed a barophilic response. The distribution of hyperthermophiles in the hot ecosystems of the planet, and their adaptation to pressure are presented and discussed.     

Constraints on the nucleus and dust properties from mid-infrared imaging of comet Hyakutake

We use Mie scattering theory to determine the expected thermal emission from dust grains in cometary comae and apply these results to mid-infrared images of comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2) obtained preperihelion in 1996 March. Calculations were performed for dust grains in the size range from 0.1 to 10 micrometers for two different compositions: amorphous olivine (a silicate glass) and an organic residue mixture. The resulting emission efficiencies are complicated functions of wavelength and particle size and are significantly different for the two materials in question. The Hyakutake data set consists of three nights of high-resolution imaging (100-150 km pixel-1 at the comet) of the inner coma at 8.7, 11.7, 12.5, and 19.7 micrometers. Attempts to fit the observed colors (ratios of fluxes at different wavelengths) using a single grain composition failed. However, fits to the data were achieved for all three nights using a mixture of approximately 1 micrometer olivine grains and approximately 7 micrometers organic grains. The resulting olivine mass fraction was between 8% and 16% of the total dust mass-loss rate. We also estimate the radius of the nucleus to be r = 2.1 +/- 0.4 km.     

The pattern and structure of one-person households in England and Wales and France

"This paper examines the increase of one-person households during the 1980s in England and Wales and France set within the broader context of household change in Europe as a whole....One-person households vary geographically by age, with younger one-person households found especially in larger urban areas; older one-person households have a more varied distribution, although rural and traditional retirement areas have particular concentrations. Increases in numbers are a result of both compositional changes in the population (increasing numbers of divorced and never-marrieds as well as increasing numbers of elderly) and also an increasing propensity to live alone, especially among younger age groups."