Transboundary aquifers: a global program to assess, evaluate, and develop policy

Transboundary aquifers are as important a component of global water resource systems as are transboundary rivers; yet, their recognition in international water policy and legislation is very limited. Existing international conventions and agreements barely address aquifers and their resources. To rectify this deficiency, the International Association of Hydrogeologists and UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme have established the Internationally Shared (transboundary) Aquifer Resource Management (ISARM) Programme. This multiagency cooperative program has launched a number of global and regional initiatives. These are designed to delineate and analyze transboundary aquifer systems and to encourage riparian states to work cooperatively toward mutually beneficial and sustainable aquifer development. The agencies participating in ISARM include international and regional organizations (e.g., Organization of American States, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Food and Agriculture Organization, and South African Development Community). Using outputs of case studies, the ISARM Programme is building scientific, legal, environmental, socioeconomic, and institutional guidelines and recommendations to aid sharing nations in the management of their transboundary aquifers. Since its start in 2000, the program has completed inventories of transboundary aquifers in the Americas and Africa, and several ISARM case studies have commenced.     

用三分量台站台阵测定方位角与慢度

我们比较了三分量台站测定ＮＯＲＥＳＳ台阵记录的短周期Ｐ型震相的方位角和慢度的能力。对于垂直台阵数据,可由宽频带频度－波数（ｆ－ｋ）分析得到方位角和慢度,而对于三分量数据,用偏振分析就可以了。使用从ＮＯＲＥＳＳ简报上获取的到时和优势频率,数据处理过程是自动化的。将取自ＮＥＩＳ或区域台网简报上的方位角和慢度的独立测值作为参考植。我们分析了多次地震,包括远震和近震。它们有着不同的距离和方位角,且信噪比（ＳＮＲ）的取值范围很大。三分量台站测定方位角和慢度的能力关键是依赖于ＳＮＲ。当ＳＮＲ小于阈值（约２）时,方位角与慢度的测值离散性很大,而且对于远震事件的慢度估计过高。ＮＯＲＥＳＳ台阵结果也具有场地依从性。在考虑到的ＳＮＲ值水平上,用宽频带ｆ－ｋ法获得的台阵测值受噪声的影响不大,而当ＳＮＲ充分大时,两种方法相当,ｆ－ｋ法     

元古代及早古生代的微古植物化石

当前,在许多国家和地区古生物工作者十分重视研究古老的微植物化石,特别对于晚元古代及早古生代的微古植物化石的研究,取得了显著成绩。根据外貌特征,微古植物可以分成六个主要群落:球状藻(Sphaeromorphida),棱状藻(Scaphomorphida),多面藻(Edromorphida),刺球藻(Sphaerohystrichomorphida),卵形藻(Ooidomorphida)及椭状藻(Ellipasoidomorphida)。并包括几个亚群落和很多     

混沌、奇异吸引子和天气(二)

四、在天气和气候中吸引子的研究确定吸引子的Hausdorff-Besicovit-ch维数具有极其重要的意义。因为一个吸引子无论是否为分形,其维数表示在相应的动力学系统演变过程中出现的最少变量个数(亦即吸引子必须嵌入一个至少等于其自身维数的状态空间)。所以,吸引子的Haus-dotff-Besicovitch维数(亦或任何其它广义维数的问题)的测定,也就给出了预测系统演变的模式所必须满足的一些约束条件。如果给出动力学系统的数学表达式,那     

Use of biliary PAH metabolites as a biomarker of pollution in fish from the Baltic Sea

During field campaigns of the BEEP project (Biological Effects of Environmental Pollution in Marine Coastal Ecosystems) in 2001-2002, metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in bile samples from three fish species, flounder (Platichthys flesus), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), from four separate areas in the Baltic Sea. Two determination methods were applied: fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) for pyrene-type metabolites and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC). There was a good correlation between the FF method and 1-OH pyrene determined by HPLC. Normalisation of the FF data for absorbance at 380 nm or bile protein concentrations greatly increased variance in one third and decreased it in two thirds of the cases and resulted in a loss of significant differences (protein normalisation) between the sampling stations, but normalisation of the HPLC data had little effect on the results. The biliary PAH metabolite content was usually higher in males than in females. In perch and eelpout the biliary PAH contents were at similar levels, whereas in flounder the levels were lower. The sampling areas arranged in decreasing order of biliary PAH contents were: Wismar Bay > Gulf of Gdansk > Lithuanian coast > Kvadofj?rden (reference area). It is concluded that FF with un-normalised data is a reliable and simple method for monitoring purposes and only one sex of a selected species should be used.     

云南省元阳县传统水稻梯田的农业土壤评价

作为元阳水稻梯田农业生态系统可持续性评价的一部分,本文调查了箐口流域梯地的自然生物环境,评价了农业土壤的土壤肥力,采用地质—地貌—土壤信息相结合的方法建立了土壤—景观之间的组合模式。研究确定了人为、气候、地形因素为影响土壤形成的主要因素,评价了土壤潜在生产力以及相关的限制因子,并根据FAO体系,确定并划分了主要的土壤类型。研究结果表明：土壤肥力的空间分布相当均一;土壤属酸性,阳离子代换量和养分储量总体较低;农业生态系统在较大程度上受哈尼群众人为活动的影响,成功维持了相对活跃的养分循环系统。目前的研究集中在：（1） 本研究区域在整个哈尼梯田系统中的代表性评价;（2） 田间水平上的养分循环研究;（3） 土壤特性对作物产量的影响;（4） 将田间水平的研究结果应用于更大的空间单元。     

微细浸染型金矿深源矿质和流体地球化学示踪研究

在宏观和微观地质特征研究基础上,运用硅同位素动力学分馏原理,结合硅质阴极发光分析,论证了微细浸染型金矿的成矿硅质、矿质和流体主要直接来源于上地幔分异或深部循环的超临界流体,并认为这种深部因素可能对形成大型和超大型矿床发挥了重要作用.这对该类型金矿的成因研究及找矿开辟了新的思路.     

营城煤田九台区测井曲线的地质分析与应用的探讨

随着煤田地质勘探的发展,测井技术水平不断的提高,对无芯孔如何开展地质研究工作,如何对测井曲线进行地质分析和应用等问题,已提到日程上来了。我公司在九台勘探会战中,各参加单位的测井、地质技术人员,在战区党委的一元化领导下,对测井曲线如何进行地质分析和应用的问题,做了初步摸索。实践使我们认识到,通过对曲线的异常形态及其组合的地质成因分析,研究其变化规律,进行曲线对比工作,用物性标志,从地质观点出发,进行沉积建造和后期改造的分析研究等,不仅能提高勘探质量,提供无芯钻进的地质成果,加快勘探速度,而且还能为综合研究工作提供新的内容,给地质工作提出新课题。