Thermal ion flows in the topside auroral ionosphere and the effects of low-altitude,transverse acceleration

Topside ionospheric profiles are used to study the upward field-aligned flow of thermal O⁺ at high latitudes. On the majority of the field lines outside the plasmasphere, the mean flux is approximately equal to the mean polar wind measured by spacecraft at greater altitudes. This is consistent with the theory of thermal light ion escape supported, via charge exchange, by upward O⁺ flow at lower heights. Events of larger O⁺ flow are detected at auroral latitudes and their occurrence is found to agree with that of transversely accelerated ions within the topside ionosphere and the magnetosphere. The effects of low altitude heating of O⁺ by oxygen cyclotron waves, driven by downward field-aligned currents, are considered as a possible common cause of these two types of event.     

A network-based telemetry architecture developed for the Martha'sVineyard Coastal Observatory

Underwater observatories with real-time data and virtually unlimited power transmission capabilities compared to traditional oceanographic moorings are beginning to provide scientists with continuous access to the coastal and open ocean. However, for any coastal observatory to serve as a cost-effective system for the collection of long-term scientific and environmental data, it must have a simple, upgradeable power and telemetry system and an instrument interface that is compatible with existing standards. It must be designed for extended environmental exposure and ease of service to avoid high maintenance costs. Most importantly, the observatory must be accessible to all potential users, including students, scientists, engineers, and policy makers. This strategy was applied to the design of the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory on the south shore of the island of Martha's Vineyard. The new facility, and in particular its system architecture, as developed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with support from the National Science Foundation, are described     

Foraminifera from the Irish Sea glacigenic deposits at Aberdaron,western Lleyn,North Wales: Palaeoenvironmental implications

In a sequence of glacigenic sediments at Aberdaron, Foraminifera were obtained from samples located specifically in order to differentiate between opposing models of depositional environment. All the diamict samples yielded remarkably uniform assemblages, with similar numbers of benthic specimens and benthic species per unit weight of sediment, similar planktic : benthic ratios, and similar ratios of clearly allochthonous to possibly autochthonous elements. This is precisely as predicted by the terrestrial model of sedimentation, where all of the sediments are interpreted as being derived from the melting of glacier ice rich in marine debris entrained during passage along the Irish Sea Basin. The results lend no support to a glacial marine model, since no faunal responses to increasingly distal sedimentary environments are observed. However, the fauna is dominated by the Foraminifera Elphidium excavatum (Terquem) forma clavata Cushman, which is commonly assumed to indicate glacial marine conditions. The modern distribution of similar assemblages suggests that it is just as likely to represent the cold, reduced salinity conditions that would have prevailed in the northern Irish Sea Basin for much of the Quaternary.     

Static Reservoir Modeling of the Eocene Clastic Reservoirs in the Q-Field,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Natural Resources Research - This work integrates seismic and well log data to establish a 3D reservoir model of the Q-Field, which is a prolific onshore hydrocarbon field situated in the Central...     

Is Potential Evapotranspiration and Its Relationship with Actual Evapotranspiration Sensitive to Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Levels?

The possibility is examined that potential evapotranspiration values may be sensitive to changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide content. Enhanced levels of atmospheric CO2 increase water use efficiency of vegetation by improving growth rates and suppressing transpiration per unit leaf area. Highly cultivated crops without water or nutrient constraints are able to show the greatest growth improvements. In many natural or semi-natural ecosystems, under enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations, limits on the availability of soil nutrients severely constrains the possibility of improvements in growth and significant increases in leaf area index that could compensate for a decrease in transpiration per unit leaf area. Thus, in many natural or semi-natural ecosystems, which often form water gathering grounds in river basins, enhanced levels of CO2 will suppress transpiration and perhaps increase the proporation of precipitation that forms runoff or ground water. In low vegetation covers, such as grassland, the rates of transpiration and also evaporation from canopies that are wet after rainfall (interception loss) are very similar. In these canopies, evapotranspiration is unlikely to be significantly increased by small increases in leaf area index. It is suggested that the suppression of potential evapotranspiration by enhanced CO2 levels will be small, but that actual transpiration from tall, slow growing vegetation covers may be significantly suppressed. Thus for some vegetation covers the relationship between actual and potential evapotranspiration may be sensitive to CO2 levels. If this is so, it could be of importance to many water balance calculations. The suppression of evapotranspiration by enhanced CO2 levels will be most noticeable in dry climates where interception loss is insignificant and largely masked in very wet climates where a large proportion of evapotranspiration consists of interception loss.     

以哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)为重点的鱼类细菌病原的诊断与控制(英文)

作者对鱼类细菌病原的诊断与控制作了较全面的综述。细菌病原诊断技术包括酶联免疫吸附技术（ＥＬＩＳＡ）及蛋白印迹法（Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ）。细菌病原控制技术包括化学疗剂的应用,有益微生物的应用,营养添加剂,β－葡萄糖苷增强免疫抗病力,及免疫保护作用等。