Geometrical analysis of mesoscopic shear zones in the crystalline rocks of MCT zone of Garhwal Higher Himalaya

The crystalline rocks of the MCT Zone of Garhwal Higher Himalaya exhibit well-preserved mesoscopic shear zones. Majority of these shear zones are of ductile and brittle ductile type with both sinistral and dextral sense of movement. Detailed analysis of mesoscopic shear zones reveals that sinistral shear zones exhibit a strike variation from NNE to ENE and dextral shear zones exhibit variation from NNW to WNW directions thus forming a conjugate pair. The bisectors of statistically preferred orientations of the two sets of the shears indicate that they generated due to NNE–SSW horizontal compression. These dextral and sinistral shear zones exhibit strike–slip geometry developed during progressive ductile shearing.     

The Geography and Area Studies Interface from the Second World War to the Cold War

Disciplinary geography's history represents an important source for contemporary debates over the status of geographical knowledge across the social sciences. This article argues for a reorientation of geography's history by examining its interface with the development of area studies in the United States. It investigates the epistemological and institutional transformations that occurred in the decades before and after the Second World War as the regional concept transmuted into area studies. The article finds that although geography's regional concept shaped the spatial constructions of area studies, the latter's imaginative geographies fixed the regional concept along geopolitical visions of the nation‐state and Cold War regional blocs that continue to occlude social scientific attempts to redraw the borders of the world.     

Optimum tracking of ship routes in 3g-WAM simulated rough weather using IRS-P4 (MSMR) analysed wind fields

Rough weather ship routing is studied using model hindcast wave climate. With the launch of IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT-I), it became possible to carry out routine wave forecasting over the Indian Ocean. The MSMR channel of the satellite gives scalar wind, which is analysed at National center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), India for converting to vector winds. The same is used as input to third generation wave model for the rough weather month of July 2000. Simulations are carried out using Cycle-4 of third generation spectral wave model WAM for regional grid system. This simulated wave climate formed the basis for computing effective ship velocity in the irregular seaway. This study gives a quantitative estimation of change in ship velocity in the open Indian Ocean for a Liberty type ship. The optimal route is charted using Dijkstra’s algorithm for minimal time path between Calcutta and Sumatra. The optimum track information has broad scope for obtaining a safer route, least time route by avoiding delay in schedule with minimum fuel consumption.     

Nayagarh氟化物污染区土壤的地球化学性质：因素分析评价

本文旨在研究奥里萨邦[印度邦名]Nayagarh区温泉地带土壤受氟化物污染的情况。文中分析两种土壤（大部分是在0-30cm深度采集的土壤以及0-90cm深度采集的剖面土壤）的总氟化物浓度（Ft）和0．01MCaCl2可萃取的氟化物浓度（Fca）主要的元素、pH、EC以及有机碳。通过对Singhpur村周围区域和温泉的观察，结果表明Ft和Fca浓度都高。大部分土壤参数的主要因素分析（PFA）表明，两种主要的化学过程是由于三个因素控制区域土壤的地球化学性质。第一个因素占总变化的37．11％，对Al、Si、Fe、F。和F。有很强的载荷能力，而且说明了土壤富集氟化物的原因；而第二和第三个因素分别占16．6％和12．2％，说明碳酸盐沉淀的控制过程和土壤的碱度。对因素做多元回归分析是为了取得土壤的氟化物污染指数。因素影响范围的大小（因素-1〉因素-2〉因素-3）影响污染指数。污染指数的空间分布可以用来划分污染区域的污染等级，即：高度污染区、中度污染区和未污染区。     

Influence of surface layers on the seismic estimate of the solar radius

Possible systematic errors in determining the solar radius from the f-mode frequencies are studied to find that the input physics governing the structure of outermost layers of the Sun has significant influence on the estimated radius. It is investigated how treatment of convection and low temperature opacity may influence the determination of radius and it is found that it may be changed by as much as 100 km. The best estimate of the solar radius is found to be 695.77±0.1 Mm, where the error bars represent estimate of systematic errors, while the statistical errors are very small (1 km).     

Performance evaluation of soil moisture profile estimation through entropy-based and exponential filter models

ABSTRACT

In this study we analyzed two models commonly used in remote sensing-based root-zone soil moisture (SM) estimations: one utilizing the exponential decaying function and the other derived from the principle of maximum entropy (POME). We used both models to deduce root-zone (0–100 cm) SM conditions at 11 sites located in the southeastern USA for the period 2012–2017 and evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of each approach against ground observations. The results indicate that, temporally, at shallow depths (10 cm), both models performed similarly, with correlation coefficients (r) of 0.89 (POME) and 0.88 (exponential). However, with increasing depths, the models start to deviate: at 50 cm the POME resulted in r of 0.93 while the exponential filter (EF) model had r of 0.58. Similar trends were observed for unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) and bias. Vertical profile analysis suggests that, overall, the POME model had nearly 30% less ubRMSE compared to the EF model, indicating that the POME model was relatively better able to distribute the moisture content through the soil column.     

Assessment of drought trend and variability in India using wavelet transform

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an analysis of trends in six drought variables at 566 stations across India over the period 1901–2002. Six drought variables were computed using standardized precipitation index (SPI). The Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and Sen’s slope estimator were used for trend analysis of drought variables. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was used to identify the dominant periodic components in trends, whereas the significance of periodic components was examined using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) based global wavelet spectrum (GWS). Our results show an increasing trend in droughts in eastern, northeastern and extreme southern regions, and a decreasing trend in the northern and southern regions of the country. The periodic component influencing the trend was 2–4 years in south, 4–8 years in west, east and northeast, 8–64 years in central parts and 32–128 years in the north; however, most of the periodic components were not statistically significant.     

Nonlinear shock structure in a weakly ionised magnetoplasma

The formation of a neutral induced weak nonlinear shock structure in a weakly ionised magnetoplasma has been analytically investigated. Using the reductive perturbation method, basic dynamical equations of a three-component (electron, ion and neutral) plasma have been reduced to a well-known Burger equation which can support a weak shock solution. Its stationary and initial value solutions have been derived to describe the characteristics of the weak shock profile. Asymptotic behavior of the Burger solution results in a saw-tooth structure which has a practical implication to predict the nonlinear steepened structure of the nighttime irregularity in the lower portion of the Earth’s ionosphere. Accordingly, it is suggested that the observation of saw-tooth shape of nighttime irregularity at 92 km could be attributed to the nonlinear saturation of the NILF mode instability as proposed by Dwivedi and Das in 1992. However, exact experimental verification of this suggestion requires more data on nighttime irregularity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (80-95 km) for a wide range of scale sizes extending up to about 1 km and above.