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231.
Noriaki Kimura 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(4):685-694
This paper examines the mechanism controlling the short time-scale variation of sea ice cover over the Southern Ocean. Sea
ice concentration and ice velocity datasets derived from images of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special
Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) are employed to reveal this mechanism. The contribution of both dynamic and thermodynamic
processes to the change in ice edge location is examined by comparing the meridional velocity of ice edge displacement and
sea ice drift. In the winter expansion phase, the thermodynamic process of new ice production off the ice edge plays an important
role in daily advances of ice cover, whereas daily retreats are mostly due to southward ice drift. On the other hand, both
advance and retreat of ice edges in the spring contraction phase are mostly caused by the dynamic process of the ice drift.
Based on the above mechanism and the linear relation between the degree of ice production at the ice edge and northward wind
speed, the seasonal advance of ice cover can be roughly reproduced using the meridional velocity of ice drift at the ice edge. 相似文献
232.
Correction method for full-depth current velocity with lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new method is presented to process and correct full-depth current velocity data obtained from a lowered acoustic Doppler
current profiler (LADCP). The analysis shows that, except near the surface, the echo intensity of a reflected sound pulse
is closely correlated with the magnitude of the difference in vertical shear of velocity between downcast and upcast, indicating
an error in velocity shear. The present method features the use of echo intensity for the correction of velocity shear. The
correction values are determined as to fit LADCP velocity to shipboard ADCP (SADCP) and LADCP bottom-tracked velocities. The
method is as follows. Initially, a profile of velocity relative to the sea surface is obtained by integrating vertical shears
of velocity after low-quality data are rejected. Second, the relative velocity is fitted to the velocity at 100–800 dbar measured
by SADCP to obtain an “absolute” velocity profile. Third, the velocity shear is corrected using the relationship between the
errors in velocity shears and echo intensity, in order to adjust the velocity at sea bottom to the bottom-tracked velocity
measured by LADCP. Finally, the velocity profile is obtained from the SADCP-fitted velocity at depths less than 800 dbar and
the corrected velocity shear at depths greater than 800 dbar. This method is valid for a full-depth LADCP cast throughout
which the echo intensity is relatively high (greater than 75 dB in the present analysis). Although the processed velocity
may include errors of 1–2 cm s−1, this method produced qualitatively good current structures in the Northeast Pacific Basin that were consistent with the
deep current structures inferred from silicate distribution, and the averaged velocities were significantly different from
those calculated by the Visbeck (2002) method. 相似文献
233.
Effects of cold eddy on phytoplankton production and assemblages in Luzon strait bordering the South China Sea 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Yuh-Ling Lee Chen Houng-Yung Chen I. -I. Lin Ming-An Lee Jeng Chang 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(4):671-683
The biochemical effects of a cold-core eddy that was shed from the Kuroshio Current at the Luzon Strait bordering the South
China Sea (SCS) were studied in late spring, a relatively unproductive season in the SCS. The extent of the eddy was determined
by time-series images of SeaWiFS ocean color, AVHRR sea surface temperature, and TOPEX/Jason-1 sea surface height anomaly.
Nutrient budgets, nitrate-based new production, primary production, and phytoplankton assemblages were compared between the
eddy and its surrounding Kuroshio and SCS waters. The enhanced productivity in the eddy was comparable to wintertime productivity
in the SCS basin, which is supported by upwelled subsurface nitrate under the prevailing Northeastern Monsoon. There were
more Synechococcus, pico-eucaryotes, and diatoms, but less Trichodesmium in the surface water inside the eddy than outside. Prochlorococcus and Richelia intracellularis showed no spatial differences. Water column-integrated primary production (IPP) inside the eddy was 2–3 times that outside
the eddy in the SCS (1.09 vs. 0.59 g C m−2d−1), as was nitrate-based new production (INP) (0.67 vs. 0.25 g C m−2d−1). INP in the eddy was 6 times that in the Kuroshio (0.12 g C m−2d−1). IPP and INP in the eddy were higher than the maximum production values ever measured in the SCS basin. Surface chlorophyll
a concentration (0.40 mg m−3) in the eddy equaled the maximum concentration registered for the SCS basin and was higher than the wintertime average (0.29
± 0.04 mg m−3). INP was 3.5 times as great and IPP was doubled in the eddy compared to the wintertime SCS basin. As cold core eddies form
intermittently all year round as the Kuroshio invades the SCS, their effects on phytoplankton productivity and assemblages
are likely to have important influences on the biogeochemical cycle of the region. 相似文献
234.
The strength and deformability of rock mass primarily depend on the condition of joints and their spacing and partially on
the engineering properties of rock matrix. Till today, numerical analysis of discontinuities e.g. joint, fault, shear plane
and others is conducted placing an interface element in between two adjacent rock matrix elements. However, the applicability
of interface elements is limited in rock mechanics problems having multiple discontinuities due to its inherent numerical
difficulties often leading to non-convergent solution. Recent developments in extended finite element method (XFEM) having
strong discontinuity imbedded within a regular element provide an opportunity to analyze discrete discontinuities in rock
masses without any numerical difficulties. This concept is based on partition of unity principle and can be used for cohesive
rock joints. This paper summarizes the mathematical frameworks for the implementation of strong discontinuities in 3 and 6
nodded triangular elements and also provides numerical examples of the application of XFEM in one and two dimensional problems
with single and multiple discontinuities. 相似文献
235.
The Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire, USA is near the northern distribution limit of the American horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). This estuary has few ideal beaches for spawning, yet it supports a modest population of horseshoe crabs. There is no organized monitoring program in the Great Bay Estuary, so it is unclear when and where spawning occurs. In this 2-year study (May through June, 2012 and 2013), >5,000 adult horseshoe crabs were counted at four sites in the estuary. The greatest densities of horseshoe crabs were observed at Great Bay sites in the upper, warmer reaches of the estuary. Peaks of spawning activity were not strongly correlated with the times of the new or full moons, and similar numbers of horseshoe crabs were observed mating during daytime and nighttime high tides. While many environmental factors are likely to influence the temporal and spatial patterns of spawning in this estuary, temperature appears to have the most profound impact. 相似文献
236.
By using the Arctic runoff data from R-ArcticNET V4.0 and ArcticRIMS, trends of four major rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean, whose climate factor plays an important role in determining the variability of the Arctic runoff, are investigated. The results show that for the past 30 years, the trend of the Arctic runoff is seasonally dependent. There is a significant trend in spring and winter and a significant decreasing trend in summer, leading to the reduced seasonal cycle. In spring, surface air temperature is the dominant factor influencing the four rivers. In summer, precipitation is the most important factor for Lena and Mackenzie, while snow cover is the most important factor for Yenisei and Ob. For Mackenzie, atmospheric circulation does play an important role for all the seasons, which is not the case for the Eurasian rivers. The authors further discuss the relationships between the Arctic runoff and sea ice. Significant negative correlation is found at the mouth of the rivers into the Arctic Ocean in spring, while significant positive correlation is observed just at the north of the mouths of the rivers into the Arctic in summer. In addition, each river has different relationship with sea ice in the eastern Greenland Sea. 相似文献
237.
Yutaka Yoshikawa Akira Masuda Kenichi Marubayashi Michiyoshi Ishibashi 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(2):223-232
Seasonal variations of the surface currents in the Tsushima Strait were investigated by analyzing the monthly mean surface
currents measured with HF radar. Several new features of the surface currents have been found. One notable feature is the
large, complicated seasonal variation in the current structure in the eastern channel of the strait. For example, in the southeastern
and northwestern regions of the channel, southwestward countercurrents are found in summer while southeastward acrossshore
currents are found in autumn and winter. The wind-driven flow (Ekman flow) as well as surface geostrophic currents are responsible
for these complicated variations of the surface currents. To quantify each variation of the flow and current, the wind-driven
flow was calculated from the monthly wind (more precisely, the friction velocity) using the monthly speed factor and deflection
angle estimated in our previous study, and the surface geostrophic currents were then estimated by subtracting the wind-driven
flow from the measured surface currents. It was found that the acrossshore currents are the wind-driven flow, and that the
surface geostrophic currents flow almost in the along-shore direction, indicating the validity of the decomposition of the
surface velocity into the wind-driven flow and the geostrophic currents using the speed factor and deflection angle. A real-vector
empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the surface geostrophic currents shows a pair of eddies in the lee of Tsushima
and Iki Islands as the first mode, which indicates that the southwestward countercurrents in the eastern channel are formed
primarily by the incoming Tsushima Warm Current. 相似文献
238.
Jae-Hun Park Kathleen A. Donohue D. Randolph Watts Luc Rainville 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(5):709-717
The distribution of deep near-inertial waves (NIWs) is investigated using data mainly from an array of 46 near-bottom acoustic
current meter sensors spanning a 600 km × 600 km region as part of the Kuroshio Extension System Study during 2004–2006. The
deep NIW distribution is interpreted in the context of both upper-layer and near-bottom mapped circulations. The wintertime-mean
mixed-layer NIW energy input, modeled from observed wind stress, has the same range of values north and south of the Kuroshio
Extension in this region. Yet, the wintertime-mean deep NIW energy distribution reveals a sharp factor-of-5 decrease from
north to south of the Kuroshio jet. This direct observational evidence shows that the Kuroshio Extension blocks the equatorward
propagation of NIWs. The NIW energy that does reach the sea floor within the subset of wintertime observations in the subtropical
gyre arrives with patchy spatial and temporal distribution. Elevated NIW energy in deep water is associated with anticyclones
in the deep barotropic flow and unassociated with upper layer eddies. 相似文献
239.
Keun-Hyung Choi Sung-Mi Lee Sang-Min Lim Mark Walton Gyung-Soo Park 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(3):307-317
Yellow Sea tidal flats are internationally recognised for their contribution to biological diversity and yet are under enormous
pressure from reclamation, pollution and overexploitation. The benthic macroinfauna community is the dominant community on
these tidal flats and a reliable indicator of benthic environmental changes. We surveyed the current benthic macroinfauna
community of the Ganghwa Southern Tidal Flat, the largest remaining Korean mud flat in the Yellow Sea, in order to examine
changes in the environmental situation of this benthic ecosystem. The results show a significant decline in species diversity
from the last survey made in 2003, and a shift in species composition with appearances of polychaetes indicative of pollution
and physical disturbances and other opportunistic species becoming dominant in both density and biomass. The benthic community
shift observed during the two study periods may be associated with increased nutrient pollution as well as increased physical
disturbances in this area. However, we recognise the limitations of the data both in frequency and scope but believe the significant
changes to the composition of the benthic fauna are sufficient to warrant concern. Observations are required to examine the
extent to which these human activities induce benthic community shift in this tidal flat. 相似文献
240.
Pathologic condition of Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum collected from Haeju off the west coast of North Korea in February and March 2007 was investigated in this study. The diagnostics included a protozoan parasite, Perkinsus olseni, the brown ring disease (BRD) caused by bacteria Vibrio tapetis and metazoan parasites Trematod and Cestod. P. olseni infection was examined using histology and Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) assay along with Choi’s NaOH digestion technique. Trematode and cestode infection was also examined from the histology. A total of 140 clams with 35–45 mm in shell length (2–3 years old) were analyzed. Condition factor (CF), a ratio of the wet tissue weight to the shell dry weight, ranged from 0.445±0.074 (February) to 0.544±0.132 (March). Total body burden of P. olseni (i.e. infection intensity) ranged from 18,644±37,755 (February) to 26,933±80,611 cells/g wet tissue (March) with the prevalence of 76.7–43.3% (March) respectively. Prevalence of trematode and cestode infection in February and March varied 22.5–25.0 and 15.0–22.5% respectively. Infection intensity of V. tapetis ranged 1–2 and the prevalence was 1.4 (February) and 5.7% (March). Prevalence and infection intensity of P. olseni in clams from Haeju was comparatively lower than those of clams reported on the west coast of Korea. BRD and the other metazoan parasite infection were also relatively lower or similar to the condition of the clams reported previously. CF of Haeju clams was also relatively higher than the clams in Gyeonggi Bay and Taean, suggesting that Haeju clams had relatively better pathologic and health condition. 相似文献