Experimental melting studies were conducted on a nepheline mugearitecomposition to pressures of 31 kbar in the presence of 0–30%added water. A temperature maximum in the near-liquidus stabilityof amphibole (with olivine) was found for a water content of3·5 wt % at a pressure of 14 kbar. This is interpretedto have petrogenetic significance for the derivation of nephelinemugearite magmas from nepheline hawaiite by amphibole-dominatedfractional crystallization at depth within the lithosphericmantle. Synthetic liquids at progressively lower temperaturesrange to nepheline benmoreite compositions very similar to thoseof natural xenolith-bearing high-pressure lavas elsewhere, andsupport the hypothesis that continued fractional crystallizationcould lead to high-pressure phonolite liquids. Independent experimentaldata for a basanite composition modeled on a lava from the sameigneous province (the Newer Basalts of Victoria) permit theinference that primary asthenospheric basanite magmas undergopolybaric fractional crystallization during ascent, and mayevolve to liquids ranging from nepheline hawaiite to phonoliteupon encountering cooler lithospheric mantle at depths of 42–50km. Such a model is consistent with the presence in some evolvedalkalic lavas of both lithospheric peridotite xenoliths indicativeof similar depths and of megacryst suites that probably representdisrupted pegmatitic segregations precipitated from precursoralkalic magmas in conduit systems within lithospheric mantle. KEY WORDS: experiment; high pressure; alkalic magmas; amphibole; nepheline mugearite; basanite; lithosphere相似文献
Application of multiple chronometers (including U–Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and zircon and apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronology) to porphyry intrusions at the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry
copper–gold deposit, Argentina, reveals a complex history of reheating that spans millions of years. Previous U–Pb geochronology,
combined with our new 40Ar/39Ar data, shows that the multiple porphyritic intrusions at Bajo de la Alumbrera were emplaced during two episodes, the first
at about 8.0 Ma (P2 and associated porphyries) and the second about a million years later (Early and Late P3 porphyries).
Complex overprinting alteration events have obscured the earliest hydrothermal history of the deposit. By contrast, 40Ar/39Ar data reveal the close temporal relationship of ore-bearing potassic alteration assemblages (7.12 ± 0.13 Ma; biotite) to
the emplacement of the P3 intrusions. Consistent with low closure temperatures, younger ages have been determined for associated
hydrothermal alkali feldspar (6.82 ± 0.05 Ma and 6.64 ± 0.09 Ma). The temperature-sensitive Ar data also record an unexpected
prolonged cooling history (to below 200°C) extending to 5.9 Ma. Our data suggest that the Bajo de la Alumbrera system underwent
protracted cooling, after the collapse of the main hydrothermal system, or that one or more low-temperature (~100–200°C) reheating
events occurred after emplacement of the porphyritic intrusions at Bajo de la Alumbrera. These have been constrained in part
by our new 40Ar/39Ar data (including multidomain diffusion modeling) and (U–Th)/He ages. Single-grain (U–Th)/He ages (n = 5) for phenocrystic zircon from P2 and P3 intrusive phases bracket these thermal events to between 6.9 (youngest crystallization
of intrusion) and 5.1 Ma. Multidomain modeling of alkali feldspar data (from both igneous and hydrothermal crystals) is consistent
with the deposit cooling rapidly from magmatic temperatures to below about 300°C, with a more protracted history down to 150°C.
We conclude that the late-stage low-temperature (150 to 200°C) thermal anomaly localized at Bajo de la Alumbrera resulted
from radiation of heat and/or fluids sourced from deeper-seated magma bodies, emplaced beneath the deposit. To produce the
observed thermal longevity of the porphyry system, magma bodies underlying the Bajo de la Alumbrera deposit must have been
repeatedly replenished by new magma batches. Without replenishment, crystallization of the source magma will occur, and heat
release will stop, leading to rapid cooling (in less than ten thousand years). The influx of deep-seated magma may have caused
the development of late low-temperature hydrothermal alteration assemblages at Bajo de la Alumbrera, at the same time that
mineralization formed at Agua Rica, some 25 km away. All available chronologic data for the Bajo de la Alumbrera deposit suggest
that the hydrothermal system was active episodically over at least a three-million and possibly up to a four-million-year
period.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
Marble-hosted ruby deposits represent the most important source of colored gemstones from Central and South East Asia. These deposits are located in the Himalayan mountain belt which developed during Tertiary collision of the Indian plate northward into the Eurasian plate. They are spatially related to granitoid intrusions and are contained in platform carbonates series that underwent high-grade metamorphism. All occurrences are located close to major tectonic features formed during Himalayan orogenesis, directly in suture zones in the Himalayas, or in shear zones that guided extrusion of the Indochina block after the collision in South East Asia. Ar–Ar dating of micas syngenetic with ruby and U–Pb dating of zircon included in ruby gives evidence that these deposits formed during Himalayan orogenesis, and the ages document the extensional tectonics that were active, from Afghanistan to Vietnam, between the Oligocene and the Pliocene.The petrography shows that ruby-bearing marbles formed in the amphibolite facies (T = 610 to 790 °C and P ~ 6 kbar). A fluid inclusion study defines the conditions of gem ruby formation during the retrograde metamorphic path (620 < T < 670 °C and 2.6 < P < 3.3 kbar) for the deposits of Jegdalek, Hunza and northern Vietnam.Whole rock analyses of non-ruby-bearing marbles indicate that they contain enough aluminum and chromiferous elements to produce all the ruby crystals that they contain. In addition, (C, O)-isotopic analyses of carbonates from the marbles lead to the conclusion that the marbles acted as a metamorphic closed fluid system that were not infiltrated by externally-derived fluids. The carbon isotopic composition of graphite in marbles reveals that it is of organic origin and that it exchanged C-isotopes with the carbonates during metamorphism. Moreover, the O-isotopic composition of ruby was buffered by metamorphic CO2 released during devolatilisation of marble and the H-isotopic composition of mica is consistent with a metamorphic origin for water in equilibrium with the micas. The (C, O, H)-isotopic compositions of minerals associated with marble-hosted ruby are all in agreement with the hypothesis, drawn from the unusual chemistry of CO2–H2S–COS–S8–AlO(OH)-bearing fluids contained in fluid inclusions, that gem ruby formed at P ~ 3 kbar and 620 < T < 670 °C, during thermal reduction of evaporite by organic matter, at high temperature-medium pressure metamorphism of platform carbonates during the Tertiary India–Asia collision. The carbonates were enriched in Al- and chromiferous-bearing detrital minerals, such as clay minerals that were deposited on the platform with the carbonates, and in organic matter. Ruby formed during the retrograde metamorphic path, mainly by destabilization of muscovite or spinel. The metamorphic fluid system was rich in CO2 released from devolatilisation of carbonates, and in fluorine, chlorine and boron released by molten salts (NaCl, KCl, CaSO4). Evaporites are key to explaining the formation of these deposits. Molten salts mobilized in situ Al and metal transition elements contained in marbles, leading to crystallization of ruby. 相似文献
To understand partitioning of hydrogen between hydrous basaltic and andesitic liquids and coexisting clinopyroxene and garnet,
experiments using a mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) + 6 wt.% H2O were conducted at 3 GPa and 1,150–1,325°C. These included both isothermal and controlled cooling rate crystallization experiments,
as crystals from the former were too small for ion microprobe (SIMS) analyses. Three runs at lower bulk water content are
also reported. H2O was measured in minerals by SIMS and in glasses by SIMS, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and from oxide
totals of electron microprobe (EMP) analyses. At 3 GPa, the liquidus for MORB with 6 wt.% H2O is between 1,300 and 1,325°C. In the temperature interval investigated, the melt proportion varies from 100 to 45% and the
modes of garnet and clinopyroxene are nearly equal. Liquid composition varies from basaltic to andesitic. The crystallization
experiments starting from above the liquidus failed to nucleate garnets, but those starting from below the liquidus crystallized
both garnet and clinopyroxene. SIMS analyses of glasses with >7 wt.% H2O yield spuriously low concentrations, perhaps owing to hydrogen degassing in the ultra-high vacuum of the ion microprobe
sample chamber. FTIR and EMP analyses show that the glasses have 3.4 to 11.9 wt.% water, whilst SIMS analyses indicate that
clinopyroxenes have 1,340–2,330 ppm and garnets have 98–209 ppm H2O. DHcpx−gt is 11 ± 3, DHcpx−melt is 0.023 ± 0.005 and DHgt−melt is 0.0018 ± 0.0006. Most garnet/melt pairs have low values of DHgt−melt, but DHgt−melt increases with TiO2 in the garnet. As also found by previous studies, values of DHcpx−melt increase with Al2O3 of the crystal. For garnet pyroxenite, estimated values of DHpyroxenite−melt decrease from 0.015 at 2.5 GPa to 0.0089 at 5 GPa. Hydration will increase the depth interval between pyroxenite and peridotite
solidi for mantle upwelling beneath ridges or oceanic islands. This is partly because the greater pyroxene/olivine ratio in
pyroxenite will tend to enhance the H2O concentration of pyroxenite, assuming that neighboring pyroxenite and peridotite bodies have similar H2O in their pyroxenes.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
Groundwater beneath the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) in northern Australia has risen in elevation by 10–20 m during the past 40 years with attendant concerns about water logging and soil salinization. Persistent groundwater accession has been attributed to excessive irrigation and surface water leakage; however, analysis of daily water-table records from the past 10 years yielded a contrary result. On a seasonal basis, water-table elevation typically fell during irrigation (dry) seasons and rose during fallow (wet) seasons, conflicting with the conventional view that irrigation and not rainfall must be the dominant control on groundwater accession. Previous investigations of unexpectedly large infiltration losses through the cracking clay soils provide a plausible explanation for the apparent conundrum. Because rainfall is uncontrolled and occurs independently of the soil moisture condition, there is greater opportunity for incipient ponding and rapid infiltration through preferred flow pathways. In contrast, irrigation is scheduled when needed and applications are stopped after soil wetting is achieved. Contemporary groundwater management in the ORIA is focused on improving irrigation efficiency during dry seasons but additional opportunities may exist to improve groundwater conditions and salinity risk through giving equal attention to the wet-season water balance. 相似文献
Historical groundwater levels in a coastal region of Hong Kong Island (China) were reviewed and compared with data collected recently to reveal changes to the groundwater regime over the last century. The coastal springs and seeps have disappeared and the lower boundary of the seepage zone has moved uphill. Groundwater was found to be flowing upward along the boundary of natural slopes and urbanized areas. Artesian flows were commonly noted in the deep piezometers in the lower urbanized areas. Moreover, an overall rise in water levels in a 10-year period was observed in the urbanized areas, except in areas with good drainage. Extensive urbanization since the 1950s has included large-scale land reclamation, deep foundations of high-rise buildings, an underground transport system, water mains and horizontal drains in slopes; the effect has been a slow but gradual increase in the water level of the hillslope groundwater system. Further urbanization activities such as the westward extension of the underground transport system and new major drainage systems in the slopes, should be assessed for possible further changes to the groundwater system. The results presented here may serve as reference for other highly-urbanized coastal areas in the world. 相似文献
Spatiotemporal kriging (STK) is recognized as a fundamental space-time prediction method in geo-statistics. Spatiotemporal regression kriging (STRK), which combines space-time regression with STK of the regression residuals, is widely used in various fields, due to its ability to take into account both the external covariate information and spatiotemporal autocorrelation in the sample data. To handle the spatiotemporal non-stationary relationship in the trend component of STRK, this paper extends conventional STRK to incorporate it with an improved geographically and temporally weighted regression (I-GTWR) model. A new geo-statistical model, named geographically and temporally weighted regression spatiotemporal kriging (GTWR-STK), is proposed based on the decomposition of deterministic trend and stochastic residual components. To assess the efficacy of our method, a case study of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) prediction in the coastal areas of Zhejiang, China, for the years 2002 to 2015 was carried out. The results show that the presented method generated reliable results that outperform the GTWR, geographically and temporally weighted regression kriging (GTWR-K) and spatiotemporal ordinary kriging (STOK) models. In addition, employing the optimal spatiotemporal distance obtained by I-GTWR calibration to fit the spatiotemporal variograms of residual mapping is confirmed to be feasible, and it considerably simplifies the residual estimation of STK interpolation. 相似文献
A change in economic structure influences the total energy consumption as well as CO2 emissions of a country, given the inherent difference in levels of energy intensity and energy fuel mix of different economic sectors. Its significance has been recognized in recent literature on China’s emission mitigation which could arguably raise China’s mitigation potential and thus the possibility of keeping the 2-degree trajectory on track. This article utilizes the past trend of economic structural change of five East Asian developed economies to project the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of China in the coming decades. A special delineation of the economic sector is made, putting private consumption together with the three typical economic production sectors, to resolve the mismatch between the statistical data of energy consumption and economic production, in that residential energy consumption is typically merged into the tertiary sector, although it does not directly correspond to gross domestic product (GDP) output. Results suggest that the level of CO2 emissions would be lower if China followed a development pathway emphasizing the development of the tertiary sector and continuously shrinking her secondary sector, making it possible for China to contribute more to global carbon mitigation. The impact from the rise of private consumption would be relatively insignificant compared to deindustrialization. In addition to continuous improvement in technology, economic structural change, which reduces carbon emission intensity, would be essential for China to be able to achieve the carbon emission level pledged in the Paris Agreement.
Key policy insights
For China, significant economic structural reform, particularly deindustrialization, is necessary to achieve the goal of ‘peak emission by 2030’.
Any additional contribution from China to the global effort to maintain a 2-degree trajectory would be limited – from a ‘fair-contribution’ perspective based on share of population or GDP – because the implied mitigation targets would be almost impossible to achieve.
If developing countries follow the pathway of developed economies, particularly in developing energy-intensive industries, energy consumption and CO2 emissions would significantly increase, reducing the possibility of keeping global temperature rise within the 2-degree Celsius benchmark.
There is a worsening crisis in official statistics in most if not all countries. Agency resources have been strained for many
years, while they are faced with demands for more information faster. Politicians have become ever more concerned with getting
‘good’ numbers. These forces impinge negatively on the quality of data even where computerization has increased and become
more sophisticated. Further, individuals and firms are increasingly reluctant to supply sensitive data or even any data.
This paper examines the data quality situation at international, national, and local scales from the viewpoint of data users.
A distressing finding is that they are ordinarily unable to obtain quality information disaggregated geographically or socially.
Examples from the US, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Finland are presented. Less detailed information on quality problems
and responses by international organizations and other national agencies is summarized. Techniques for remedial action and
suggestions for actions by users follow.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
In this paper we considered the effect of the radiation pressure from both components of the high-temperature binary systems in terms of a modified Roche potential. Usually, the parameters of radiation pressures 1, 2 can be written as a function of radiiR, effective temperatureTeff, and massM of components. The simulation calculation shows that the positions of saddle pointsL1,L2,L3 and shape of critical surface are changed with radiation pressure factors 1, 2. Consequently, use of the conventional critical Roche model to estimate value of radii and mass ratios may be completely unwarranted if effective temperature of both componentsTeff30 000 K.These conclusions are applied to Wolf-Rayet binary systems V444 Cygni,v2 Velorum, and O-type binary system Y Cygni. The modified critical potentials are calculated and discussed. 相似文献