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71.
This paper explores the extensification of work—that is the distribution or exporting of work across different spaces/scales and times—and its impact on individual workers and households. We argue that contracting out and the work life balance debates might be developed more usefully within the holistic framework of extensification. The key process that we follow can be described as overflowing. We contrast the universally positive representations of spillovers and embedding that we are familiar with in economic geographies with the more negatively characterised overflowing of work into and out of the household. The paper is built around a case study of those involved in the new media industry in San Francisco: households, workers and companies. 相似文献
72.
Andy?MooreEmail author Elena?Belousova 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,149(4):462-481
Cr-poor and Cr-rich megacryst suites, both comprising of varying proportions of megacrysts of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, garnet, olivine, ilmenite and a number of subordinate phases, coexist in many kimberlites, with wide geographic distribution. In rare instances, the two suites occur together on the scale of individual megacryst hand specimens. Deformation textures are common to both suites, suggesting an origin related to the formation of the sheared peridotites that also occur in kimberlites. Textures and compositions of the latter are interpreted to reflect deformation and metasomatism within the thermal aureole surrounding the kimberlite magma in the mantle. The megacrysts crystallized in this thermal aureole in pegmatitic veins representing small volumes of liquids derived from the host kimberlite magma, which were injected into a surrounding fracture network prior to kimberlite eruption. Close similarities between compositions of Cr-rich megacryst phases and those in granular lherzolites are consistent with early crystallization from a primitive kimberlite liquid. The low-Cr megacryst suite subsequently crystallized from residual Cr-depleted liquids. However, the Cr-poor suite also reflects the imprint of contamination by liquids formed by melting of inhomogeneously distributed mantle phases with low melting temperatures, such as calcite and phlogopite, present within the thermal aureole surrounding the kimberlite magma reservoir. Such carbonate-rich melts migrated into, and mixed with some, but not all, of the kimberlite liquids injected into the mantle fracture network. Contamination by the carbonate-rich melts changed the Ca–Mg and Mg–Fe crystal–liquid distribution coefficient, resulting in the crystallization of relatively Fe-rich and Ca-poor phases. The implied higher crystal-melt Mg–Fe distribution coefficient for carbonate-rich magmas accounts for the generation of small volumes of Mg-rich liquids that are highly enriched in incompatible elements (i.e. primary kimberlite magmas). The inferred metasomatic origin for the sheared peridotites implies that this suite provides little or no information regarding vertical changes in the thermal, chemical and mechanical characteristics of the mantle. 相似文献
73.
Tamara T. Helfer Michael W. Regan Michele D. Thornley Tony Wong Kartik Sheth Stuart N. Vogel Douglas C.-J. Bock LEO Blitz Andy Harris 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(2-4):1131-1139
BIMA SONG is a systematic imaging study of the 3 mm CO J = 1 → 0molecular emission within the centres and discs of 44 nearby spiral galaxies on size scales of a few hundred parsecs
(6-9"). The overall goal of the survey is to study the role of molecular gas in the evolution of spiral galaxies. To this
end, BIMA SONG addresses 1) the distribution and physical conditions of the molecular gas in galactic discs and its relation
to star formation, 2) the effects of a stellar bar on the kinematics of molecular gas, including the possible inflow of gas
along a bar, and 3) the distribution and role of molecular gas in the central few hundred parsecs of active and quiescent
galaxies. The source list includes all (except M33and M31) 44 galaxies of Hubble types Sa–Sd, with declinations δ >−20°, visual magnitudes B < 11.0, velocities v
hel <2000 km s-1, and inclinations i < 70°. Beyond the specific scientific questions we will address, this survey will provide a unique database for astronomers who
study galaxies at all wavelengths.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
74.
New media, the new economy and new spaces 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Andy C. Pratt 《Geoforum》2000,31(4)
This paper counters proponents of the ‘weightless economy’ who have suggested the ‘death of distance’ in relation to economic and social activities that use the worldwide web (WWW). An analysis of new media developers in New York’s ‘Silicon Alley’ demonstrates that place and distance are still important. The most important aspect of this co-location is the possibility of social interaction. This paper points to the value of analysis of the material practice of the social (and the economic and cultural). The notion of ‘untraded dependencies’ is developed through looking at its manifestation and constitution in the specificity of space, time and economic activity. 相似文献
75.
76.
Climate model ensembles are used to estimate uncertainty in future projections, typically by interpreting the ensemble distribution for a particular variable probabilistically. There are, however, different ways to produce climate model ensembles that yield different results, and therefore different probabilities for a future change in a variable. Perhaps equally importantly, there are different approaches to interpreting the ensemble distribution that lead to different conclusions. Here we use a reduced-resolution climate system model to compare three common ways to generate ensembles: initial conditions perturbation, physical parameter perturbation, and structural changes. Despite these three approaches conceptually representing very different categories of uncertainty within a modelling system, when comparing simulations to observations of surface air temperature they can be very difficult to separate. Using the twentieth century CMIP5 ensemble for comparison, we show that initial conditions ensembles, in theory representing internal variability, significantly underestimate observed variance. Structural ensembles, perhaps less surprisingly, exhibit over-dispersion in simulated variance. We argue that future climate model ensembles may need to include parameter or structural perturbation members in addition to perturbed initial conditions members to ensure that they sample uncertainty due to internal variability more completely. We note that where ensembles are over- or under-dispersive, such as for the CMIP5 ensemble, estimates of uncertainty need to be treated with care. 相似文献
77.
Baozhang Chen Huifang Zhang Nicholas C. Coops Dongjie Fu Douglas E. J. Worthy Guang Xu T. Andy Black 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,118(1-2):115-132
Reducing the large uncertainties in current estimates of CO2 sources and sinks at regional scales (102–105 km2) is fundamental to improving our understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Continuous high-precision CO2 concentration measurements on a tower within the planetary boundary layer contain information on regional carbon fluxes; however, its spatial representativeness is generally unknown. In this study, we developed a footprint model (Simple Analytical Footprint model based on Eulerian coordinates for scalar Concentration [SAFE-C]) and applied it to two CO2 concentration towers in central Canada: the East Trout Lake 106-m-tall tower (54°21′N, 104°59′W) and the Candle Lake 28-m-high tower (53°59′N, 105°07′W). Results show that the ETL tower’s annual concentration footprints were around 103–105 km2. The monthly footprint climatologies in summer were 1.5–2 times larger than in winter. The impacts of land surface carbon flux associated with heterogeneous distribution of vegetation types on the CO2 concentration measurements were different for the different heights, varied with a range of ±5 % to ±10 % among four heights. This study indicates that concentration footprint climatology analysis is important in interpreting the seasonal, annual and inter-annual variations of tower measured CO2 concentration data and is essential for comparing and scaling regional carbon flux estimates using top-down or bottom-up approaches. 相似文献
78.
79.
Samer K. Abi Kaed Bey Douglas P. Connelly François-Eric Legiret Andy J. K. Harris Matthew C. Mowlem 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(10):1555-1565
In this work, we describe a high-resolution fluorometric shipboard analyser and an improved method to determine NH4+ in oligotrophic seawater. The limit of detection is <5 nM, calculated with 95% confidence level using the weighted regression
line applied to the standard addition method using real samples prepared with low nutrient seawater from the Atlantic. The
results are summarised and cross-compared with spiked artificial seawater (ASW) and spiked Milli-Q water samples. The analyser
has a precision of ±1–4% with a high performance over a wide range from 5 nM to 25 μM. The methodology of NH4+ analysis is based on the fluorescent product formed between o-pthaldialdehyde and NH4+ in the presence of sulfite. Due to the high resolution of the developed system, we were able to study in depth the sensitivity
of the method to salinity, amines, amino acids and potential interferences from particles/algae. The method was found to be
sensitive to salinity variations, reducing the signal by up to 85% at 5 nM; this effect decreased at higher concentrations
of ammonium. It was noted that the interference from amines at low concentrations was negligible; however, at either high
amino acid or high amine concentrations, the signal was depressed. To test for the effect of particles on the system, the
system was tested with samples containing phytoplankton (Dunaliella primolecta) cells at different concentrations prepared with ASW to simulate the effect of a phytoplankton bloom. This experiment assessed
the potential impact of both particles and other potential fluorescence interferences from cells and/or ammonium leaching
from cells. This experiment showed that a phytoplankton bloom could potentially have an impact of up to 12% on the signal
of interest. Thus, we propose that this method is suitable for oligotrophic environments rather than coastal and eutrophic
environments. The reagent was found to be stable for 17 days and standards of 1 μM were stable for 6 days under laboratory
conditions. The developed analyser was successfully demonstrated in the North Atlantic Ocean, in an area of oligotrophic,
low NH4+ oceanic waters. 相似文献
80.
Catherine N. Jex Andy Baker Jonathan M. Eden Warren J. Eastwood Ian J. Fairchild Melanie J. Leng Louise Thomas Hilary J. Sloane 《Quaternary Research》2011,75(3):399-405
A verified instrumental calibration of annually resolved δ18O for a stalagmite from Gümü?hane in northeast Turkey is presented and cross-validated using a ‘leave-one-out’ technique. The amount of late autumn to winter precipitation is negatively correlated with stalagmite δ18O between AD 1938 and 2004. The observed relationship is extrapolated back to ~ AD 1500 leading to the first long winter precipitation reconstruction for this region. Modern day October to January precipitation is linked to pressure fields in Western Russia. Anomalously lower reconstructed rainfall is recorded in AD 1540–1560 at which time higher pressure over the Caspian Sea region is inferred. 相似文献