The moon: Composition determined by nebular processes

The bulk composition of the Moon was determined by the conditions in the solar nebula during its formation, and may be quantitatively estimated from the premise that the terrestrial planets were formed by cosmochemical processes similar to those recorded in the chondrites. The calculations are based on the Ganapathy-Anders 7-component model using trace element indicators, but incorportate improved geophysical data and petrological constraints.A model Moon with 40 ppb U, a core 2% by weight (1.8% metal with 35% Ni and 0.2% FeS) and Mg/(Fe²⁺+Mg)0.75 meets the trace element restrictions, and has acceptable density, heat flow and moment of inertia ratio. The high Ni content of the core permits low-Ti mare basalts to equilibrate with metal, yet still retain substantial Ni. The silicate resembles the Taylor-Jake composition (and in some respects the waif Ganapathy-Anders Model 2a), but has lower SiO₂.Minor modifications of the model composition (U=30–35 ppb) yield a 50% melt approximating Apollo 15 green glass and a residuum of olivine plus 3 to 4% spinel; the low SiO₂, favors spinel formation, and, contrary to expectation, Cr is not depleted in the liquid. There may no longer be any inconsistency between the cosmochemical approach and arguments based on experimental petrology.Paper dedicated to Professor Hannes Alfvén on the occasion of his 70th birthday, 30 May, 1978.Unless otherwise stated, this ratio refers to themolar ratio throughout this paper.     

Procrustean science: Indigenous siderophiles in the lunar highlands,according to Delano and Ringwood

The best estimate of indigenous lunar siderophiles comes from 29 pristine lunar rocks, characterized by low siderophile abundances, plutonic textures, and high age. Delano and Ringwood's blanket rejection of these rocks, on the contention that they are impact melts, is not justified by the petrologic evidence. Contrary to their claims, gold in highland breccias is largely meteoritic and is unaffected by fumarolic volcanism, as shown by its correlation with Ir and noncorrelation with fumarolic T1 (r=0.896 and 0.272). Delano and Ringwood's approach, involving subtraction of an H-chondrite meteoritic component from highland breccias, ignores the variation of Ir/Au ratios in modern and ancient meteorites, and hence leads to spurious excesses of Au, Ni, and volatiles, and in some cases to physically meaningless, negative residuals. Their excess volatiles in highland crust relative to mare basalts disappear when the highland composition is based on pristine lunar rocks rather than under-corrected breccias. Contrary to claims by Delano and Ringwood, the Ni/Co trend in Apollo 16 samples cannot be explained by an indigenous component rich in Ni (150–200 ppm) and Co (30–45ppm); mixing lines show that much lower Ni and Co contents are required (e.g., 7 ppm each).Chondrites and lunar highland breccias show essentially parallel fractionation trends for the siderophile-element ratios Re/Ir, Au/Ir, Ni/Ir, Ni/Pd, and Os/Ir. Because the chondritic ratios were established in the solar nebula, it appears that the lunar ratios also reflect nebular processes, and have not been modified by planetary processes.Properly derived abundances for the lunar highlands show large, systematic depletions relative to terrestrial oceanic tholeiites, by the following factors: Ge 270, Re 230, Sb170, Zn150, Au60, Tl 50, Ag 48, Ni 42, Se 12. It would seem that the resemblance to the Earth's mantle is not quite as striking as claimed by Delano and Ringwood.     

Using cytochrome P450 to monitor the aquatic environment: Initial results from regional and national surveys

We are currently analyzing hepatic cytochrome P4501A and associated monooxygenase activities in fish sampled in several regional and national monitoring programs, including the National Benthic Surveillance Project of NOAA's Status and Trends Program, damage assessment studies of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, and intensive surveys of specific embayments, such as Puget Sound, Washington. Thus far, apparent contaminant-related increases in the activities of cytochrome P4501A-dependent monooxygenases have been readily measured in most test species. The results presented in this paper show that, for II species of fish, there is excellent concordance between hepatic activities of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD); moreover, levels of cytochrome P4501A determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are also generally concordant with results from catalytic assays. The use of both a catalytic assay and immunoquantitation is recommended, because of the additional quality assurance provided by concurrent use of an immunoquantitation technique, which is desirable in large monitoring programs.     

The cytochrome P450 1A1 response in fish: application of immunodetection in environmental monitoring and toxicological testing

We have developed polyclonal and, recently, monoclonal antibodies against the aromatic hydrocarbon-inducible P450 1A1 form purified from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). A simple, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on these antibodies has been developed in our laboratory and tested in numerous experiments with both field-collected and laboratory-exposed fish of different species. The exposure situations studied to date include complex mixtures such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and water-soluble oil fractions, as well as defined compounds such as CB congeners, TCDD, and pesticides. Factors affecting the induction response, including sexual maturation and dietary factors, have also been investigated. The ELISA technique generally shows good correlation with contaminant exposure and catalytic measurements, but has also given new and important information in certain cases where catalytic measurements failed to reveal effects.     

Removal and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic, halogenated transient tracers in an anoxic fjord

The persistence of the anthropogenic halogenated tracers, CFC-11 (CCl₃F), CFC-12 (CCl₂F₂), CFC-113 (CCl₂FCClF₂), carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and methyl chloroform (CH₃CCl₃) in oxygen-depleted waters was investigated in the anoxic fjord Framvaren in southern Norway. A model for the ventilation of the water in the fjord was created based on tritium and CFC-12 profiles. The results suggest that CFC-12 is stable in this environment, although still affected by particulate scavenging, while the other four halocarbon species shows signs of significant removal in the oxic/anoxic interface. The first-order removal coefficients were calculated to be 0.35, 0.19, 1.23 and 0.31 year⁻¹ for CFC-11, CFC-113, CCl₄ and CH₃CCl₃, respectively. Significant downward flux of halogenated tracers by sinking organic matter is suggested by the model; the tracers are subsequently released to the water column by the remineralisation of the particles. This process acts as a sink of halogenated tracers in the surface waters, whereas it is a source for the deep waters. Our results points to bioaccumulation factors (BF) for the CFC tracers in the order of 4.4–5.4 (log BF), which is 100–600 times those previously reported. This might be of significance to near-shore, semi-enclosed, basins with a high flux of organic matter, but would still have little importance in open ocean basins.     

Fishery control and regulation compliance: a case for co-management in Swedish commercial fisheries

The results from a survey of Swedish commercial fishers on regulation compliance and attitudes to control and restrictions are reported. According to the responding fishers, 90% of all Swedish catches are reported, in spite of limited control efforts. From an economic perspective we would expect substantially lower levels of compliance. The results also show that the majority of Swedish fishers are in favour of co-management on a regional basis. However, on this and other management issues opinions divert significantly between large vessel operators and small vessel operators, which reveals conflicting interests for such and similar changes in Swedish management of fisheries.     

Dynamic analysis of vehicle–deck interactions

This paper presents the review and studies at various levels of problems concerning the authors’ previous research on the dynamics of vehicle–deck interactions. The various levels of study include the dynamic structural behavior of vehicle–deck systems, vehicle vibrations, damping effects of vehicles on structural systems, dynamic interactions between tire and deck surface, and vehicle securing on decks during ship motions, etc. The study includes analytical, numerical and experimental analysis. Practical problems encountered by Ro–Ro ship designers are addressed by discussing those analysis. It is shown that influences from the dynamics of vehicle–deck interactions are relevant to a number of aspects of issues, such as the excitation frequency range, how detailed information of the structural system response is required, the structure characteristics, and positions and orientations of vehicles on decks, etc. The study contributes to the knowledge for the naval architect and vehicle engineer on how significant the dynamics of vehicle–deck interactions are when dealing with relevant problems.