Aspects of Three-Dimensional Magnetic Reconnection – (Invited Review)

In this review paper we discuss several aspects of magnetic reconnection theory, focusing on the field-line motions that are associated with reconnection. A new exact solution of the nonlinear MHD equations for reconnective annihilation is presented which represents a two-fold generalization of the previous solutions. Magnetic reconnection at null points by several mechanisms is summarized, including spine reconnection, fan reconnection and separator reconnection, where it is pointed out that two common features of separator reconnection are the rapid flipping of magnetic field lines and the collapse of the separator to a current sheet. In addition, a formula for the rate of reconnection between two flux tubes is derived. The magnetic field of the corona is highly complex, since the magnetic carpet consists of a multitude of sources in the photosphere. Progress in understanding this complexity may, however, be made by constructing the skeleton of the field and developing a theory for the local and global bifurcations between the different topologies. The eruption of flux from the Sun may even sometimes be due to a change of topology caused by emerging flux break-out. A CD-ROM attached to this paper presents the results of a toy model of vacuum reconnection, which suggests that rapid flipping of field lines in fan and separator reconnection is an essential ingredient also in real non-vacuum conditions. In addition, it gives an example of binary reconnection between a pair of unbalanced sources as they move around, which may contribute significantly to coronal heating. Finally, we present examples in TRACE movies of geometrical changes of the coronal magnetic field that are a likely result of large-scale magnetic reconnection. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005248007615     

The Intensity–Velocity Phase Spectra of Evanescent Oscillations and Acoustic Sources

There are three major issues in modeling solar evanescent oscillations: the variation of the intensity [I]–velocity [V] phase difference of p-modes close to the base of photosphere; the existence of a plateau of negative I–V phase differences below and between the ridges of the low-frequency p-modes; the explanation of the I–V cross-spectra of the evanescent oscillations. We present new interpretations for the first two issues, based on modeling intensity fluctuations taking steep temperature gradients, opacity, and non-adiabatic cooling into account. We also discuss consequences of our model for the explanation of power spectra and cross-power spectra of p-modes. In particular, we present evidence that the acoustic sources that generate evanescent waves produce a coherent background that explains the plateau–interridge regime of negative I–V phase difference.     

Evaporating quantum Lukewarm black holes final state from back-reaction corrections of quantum scalar fields

We obtain renormalized stress tensor of a mass-less, charge-less dynamical quantum scalar field, minimally coupled with a spherically symmetric static Lukewarm black hole. In two dimensional analog the minimal coupling reduces to the conformal coupling and the stress tensor is found to be determined by the nonlocal contribution of the anomalous trace and some additional parameters in close relation to the work presented by Christensen and Fulling. Lukewarm black holes are a special class of Reissner-Nordström-de Sitter space times where its electric charge is equal to its mass. Having the obtained renormalized stress tensor we attempt to obtain a time-independent solution of the well known metric back reaction equation. Mathematical derivations predict that the final state of an evaporating quantum Lukewarm black hole reduces to a remnant stable mini black hole with moved locations of the horizons. Namely the perturbed black hole (cosmological) horizon is compressed (extended) to scales which is smaller (larger) than the corresponding classical radius of the event horizons. Hence there is not obtained an deviation on the cosmic sensor-ship hypothesis.     

Edge waves on the New Zealand east coast

Tide gauge records from several New Zealand east coast ports show persistent oscillations in sea level with a period of 2.4–2.7 h. These are superimposed on local resonant oscillations, and appear to be associated with edge wave excitation on the continental shelf, possibly by meteorological disturbances. A shelf response is also excited by tsunamis.     

Underwater camera system for deep‐sea bottom photography

A 35 mm camera system has been developed to operate to depths of 4,000 m. The system takes up to 24 pictures at one lowering, and uses standard torch batteries which last more than 10 lowerings.     

Integrated Research of the Southeastern Baltic Sea during the Cruise 47 of the R/V Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov

Oceanology - New data on the geological structure and genesis of relict bottom relief forms, objects of underwater cultural heritage, and the structure of bottom sediments in the Baltic Sea were...     

Determining Both Tropospheric and Stratospheric СО2 Contents Using a Ground-Based IR Spectroscopic Method

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Results obtained from ground-based high spectral resolution measurements of solar IR radiation absorption spectra are analyzed. These measurements have...