A multiple-point statistics algorithm for 3D pore space reconstruction from 2D images

Fluid flow behavior in a porous medium is a function of the geometry and topology of its pore space. The construction of a three dimensional pore space model of a porous medium is therefore an important first step in characterizing the medium and predicting its flow properties. A stochastic technique for reconstruction of the 3D pore structure of unstructured random porous media from a 2D thin section training image is presented. The proposed technique relies on successive 2D multiple point statistics simulations coupled to a multi-scale conditioning data extraction procedure. The Single Normal Equation Simulation Algorithm (SNESIM), originally developed as a tool for reproduction of long-range, curvilinear features of geological structures, serves as the simulation engine. Various validating criteria such as marginal distributions of pore and grain, directional variograms, multiple-point connectivity curves, single phase effective permeability and two phase relative permeability calculations are used to analyze the results. The method is tested on a sample of Berea sandstone for which a 3D micro-CT scanning image is available. The results confirm that the equi-probable 3D realizations obtained preserve the typical patterns of the pore space that exist in thin sections, reproduce the long-range connectivities, capture the characteristics of anisotropy in both horizontal and vertical directions and have single and two phase flow characteristics consistent with those of the measured 3D micro-CT image.     

Evaluation of Land Surface Scheme SABAE-HW in Simulating Snow Depth,Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture within the BOREAS Site,Saskatchewan

The Soil Atmosphere Boundary, Accurate Evaluation of Heat and Water (SABAE-HW) model is a multilayered, one-dimensional, physically based version of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and uses the same methodologies as CLASS, version 2.6. SABAE provides an improved interface for groundwater modelling to simulate soil moisture, soil temperature, energy fluxes and snow depth for a wide range of soil and vegetation. This paper reports the results of the first field comparison of SABAE-HW using an extensive ten-year dataset from the Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) and the Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Sites (BERMS) project, an area in central Saskatchewan, Canada, rich in terms of hydrological and meteorological data. The model is also independently tested and verified with the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model, which is an unsaturated-zone transport model. Two boundary conditions are considered at the bottom of the soil profile: a water table boundary condition and a unit gradient boundary condition. There was substantial agreement between the results of the simulations and observations in terms of snow depth and soil temperature. Snow depth and soil temperature were simulated reasonably well by SABAE, with correlation values of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. However, there were some discrepancies for simulated soil temperature in winter. General agreement was obtained in terms of unfrozen soil moisture results, especially at greater depths, but there were general similarities in observed and simulated soil moisture trends in winter. An average correlation of 0.55 was found for SABAE while the correlation for SHAW was much smaller (less than 0.30), which indicates a better fit between simulated and field data by SABAE. Although a unit gradient boundary condition does not influence soil moisture, it was found that unit gradient boundary runs resulted in increased bias towards overestimation of the soil temperature. Thus, a safer and more accurate approach, we believe, is to adopt a first type boundary (i.e., water table) condition at the bottom of the domain. This has implications for climate and weather modelling in general. The result of this field testing demonstrated the potential and high accuracy of SABAE-HW as a Canadian model capable of simulating snow depth, snow temperature, soil moisture, energy fluxes, and we believe it is now appropriate to include this land surface scheme with its counterparts.

R ésumé ?[Traduit par la rédaction] Le modèle Soil Atmosphere Boundary, Accurate Evaluation of Heat and Water (SABAE-HW) est une version multicouche, à une dimension, basée sur la physique du schéma CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) qui utilise les mêmes méthodologies que le CLASS version 2.6. Le SABAE offre une interface améliorée pour la modélisation des eaux sous-terraines permettant de simuler l'humidité du sol, la température du sol, les flux d'énergie et l'épaisseur de la neige pour une grande variété de sols et de végétation. Cet article présente les résultats de la première comparaison terrain du SABAE-HW en utilisant une base de données étendue de dix ans de l'Étude de l'atmosphère et des écosystèmes boréaux (BOREAS) et du projet des Sites de recherche et de surveillance des écosystèmes boréaux (BERMS), une région du centre de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, riche en données hydrologiques et météorologiques. Le modèle est aussi indépendamment testé et vérifié à l'aide du Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW), un modèle de transport en zone non saturée. Deux conditions aux limites sont supposées au fond du profil du sol : une condition aux limites de nappe phréatique et une condition aux limites de gradient unitaire. On a trouvé une concordance importante entre les résultats des simulations et les observations en ce qui a trait à l'épaisseur de la neige et à la température du sol. L'épaisseur de la neige et la température du sol ont été raisonnablement bien simulées par le modèle SABAE, avec des corrélations de 0,96 et 0,98, respectivement. Cependant, il y avait certaines divergences pour la température simulée du sol en hiver. Pour ce qui est des résultats concernant l'humidité du sol non gelé, ils s'accordaient généralement, surtout pour les plus grandes profondeurs, mais il y avait des similarités générales dans les tendances observées et simulées de l'humidité du sol en hiver. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation moyenne de 0,55 pour le SABAE alors que la corrélation pour le SHAW était beaucoup plus faible (0,30), ce qui indique un meilleur ajustement des données simulées aux données de terrain pour le SABAE. Même si une condition aux limites de gradient unitaire n'influence pas l'humidité du sol, il ressort que des passes faites avec un gradient unitaire aux limites ont produit un biais accru vers la surestimation de la température du sol. Donc, nous croyons qu'une approche plus sûre et plus précise serait d'adopter une condition aux limites de Dirichlet (c.-à-d. une nappe phréatique) au fond du domaine. Ceci a des répercussions sur la modélisation du climat et du temps en général. Le résultat de cet essai sur le terrain a démontré le potentiel et la grande exactitude du SABAE-HW en tant que modèle canadien capable de simuler l'épaisseur de la neige, la température du sol, l'humidité du sol et les flux d'énergie et nous croyons qu'il est maintenant approprié d'inclure ce schéma de surface avec ses contreparties.     

A proposed spatial index to prioritize damaged buildings for allocating USAR operations

A spatial index using fuzzy hierarchical analysis (FAHP) is proposed in this study for prioritizing damaged buildings in the allocation of search and rescue operations after the earthquake disaster. The relevant prioritization criteria have been identified through literature review and interviews with 22 relief managers; the relative importance of these criteria and sub criteria has been computed using the FAHP method. The GIS layers equivalent to the selected criteria were prepared and integrated with one another after normalization in the GIS platform. The proposed method to prioritize the damaged buildings was implemented in the city of Varzeghan in the East Azerbaijan province of Iran. The obtained priority map, with five prioritization classes, is presented. Single-parameter sensitivity analysis method identifies the criteria ‘hazardous facilities’, ‘degree of building blockage’ and ‘chance of survival’ as the most effective criteria for prioritizing damaged buildings.     

A coarse-scale compositional model

In subsurface flow modeling, compositional simulation is often required to model complex recovery processes, such as gas/CO ₂ injection. However, compositional simulation on fine-scale geological models is still computationally expensive and even prohibitive. Most existing upscaling techniques focus on black-oil models. In this paper, we present a general framework to upscale two-phase multicomponent flow in compositional simulation. Unlike previous studies, our approach explicitly considers the upscaling of flow and thermodynamics. In the flow part, we introduce a new set of upscaled flow functions that account for the effects of compressibility. This is often ignored in the upscaling of black-oil models. In the upscaling of thermodynamics, we show that the oil and gas phases within a coarse block are not at chemical equilibrium. This non-equilibrium behavior is modeled by upscaled thermodynamic functions, which measure the difference between component fugacities among the oil and gas phases. We apply the approach to various gas injection problems with different compositional features, permeability heterogeneity, and coarsening ratios. It is shown that the proposed method accurately reproduces the averaged fine-scale solutions, such as component overall compositions, gas saturation, and density solutions in the compositional flow.     

The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb Deposit,Lorestan Province,Iran: a Metamorphosed SEDEX Deposit简

The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb deposit is one of several sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits found in the central part of the Sanadaj-Sirjan Zone, known as the Isfahan-Malayer belt, western Iran. Mineralization occurs in Upper Triassic to Jurassic phyllites and meta-sandstones. Sphalerite and galena are the most abundant metallic ores, with minor chalcopyrite. Calcite and quartz are the main gangue minerals. Fissure filling, replacement textures and especially mineralized faults, suggest an epigenetic stage in the Gol-e-Zard deposit formation. Geochemical studies of mineralized rocks show high concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cu,（Zn and Pb 〉 10000 ppm and Cu average 3000 ppm）. LREE enrichment（LREE〉HREE, La/Lu average 1.44） and positive Eu anomalies（Eu/Eu＊〉1 average 1.67） indicate reducing conditions during the deposition of deposit. However, some samples do not display negative Ce anomalies, which indicate that localized oxidizing conditions are also present. This study indicates that the Gol-e-Zard deposit formed due to circulating hydrothermal fluids in a marine environment. A SEDEX-type genesis, which is defined by circulating hydrothermal fluids through sediments in a marine environment, and syngenetic precipitation of Zn and Pb sulphides, is suggested for the Gol-e-Zard deposit. Emplacement of some granitoid intrusions such as the Aligudarz granitoid intrusion remobilized mineralizing fluids and metamorphosed the Gol-e-Zard deposit.     

Study of Dominant Factors Affecting Cerchar Abrasivity Index

The Cerchar abrasion index is commonly used to represent rock abrasion for estimation of bit life and wear in various mining and tunneling applications. Although the test is simple and fast, there are some discrepancies in the test results related to the equipment used, condition of the rock surface, operator skills, and procedures used in conducting and measuring the wear surface. This paper focuses on the background of the test and examines the influence of various parameters on Cerchar testing including pin hardness, surface condition of specimens, petrographical and geomechanical properties, test speed, applied load, and method of measuring wear surface. Results of Cerchar tests on a set of rock specimens performed at different laboratories are presented to examine repeatability of the tests. In addition, the preliminary results of testing with a new device as a potential alternative testing system for rock abrasivity measurement are discussed.     

Prediction of global stability in room and pillar coal mines

Global stability is a necessary prerequisite for safe retreat mining and one of the crucial and complex problems in room and pillar mining, so its prediction plays an important role in the safety of retreat mining and the reduction of pillar failure risk. In this study, we have tried to develop predictive models for anticipating global stability. For this purpose, two of the most popular techniques, logistic regression analysis and fuzzy logic, were taken into account and a predictive model was constructed based on each. For training and testing of these models, a database including 80 retreat mining case histories from 18 room and pillar coal mines, located in West Virginia State, USA, was used. The models predict global stability based on the major contributing parameters of pillar stability. It was found that both models can be used to predict the global stability, but the comparison of two models, in terms of statistical performance indices, shows that the fuzzy logic model provides better results than the logistic regression. These models can be applied to identify the susceptibility of pillar failure in panels of coal mines, and this may help to reduce the casualties resulting from pillar instability. Finally, the sensitivity analysis was performed on database to determine the most important parameters on global stability. The results revealed that the pillar width is the most important parameter, whereas the depth of cover is the least important one.     

Scleractinian coral communities of Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf

The abundance and health of scleractinian coral communities of Hormuz Island were investigated. For this purpose, we employed 20 m line intercept transects—12 in the intertidal zone and 15 subtidally to evaluate coral cover and community composition. The estimated dead coral coverage was 6.21%±0.81%, while live coral coverage was 16.93%±1.81%, considered as very poor. Totally, 12 genera were recorded, of which Porites with 11.9%±1.4% live cover was the dominant, while Goniopora had the least cover (0.07%±0.08%). Based on Mann-Whitney U-test, live coral coverage, dead coral coverage, algal coverage, cover of other benthic organisms and abiotic components showed significant univariate differences between zones (p<0.05). The Spearman correlation test between the abundance of biotic and abiotic components indicated significant negative correlation of live coral and sand with zoantharian and significant positive correlation of algae and other benthic organisms with rubble. The reef health indices used for the corals indicated that, in general, the environmental conditions were not suitable, which could be attributed to both natural and anthropogenic factors, the most important of which was zoantharian’ overgrowth on the scleractinian corals in this region.     

Application of the honey-bees mating programming (HBMP) algorithm to sediment concentration modelling

Abstract

The honey-bees mating programming (HBMP) algorithm is introduced as a novel tool for predicting suspended sediment concentration for the Mad River catchment near Arcata, USA. The paper also applies gene expression programming (GEP) as a comparison and shows that these two approaches can the produce transparent, nonlinear relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Some modifications have been made to the HBMP algorithm to improve its capability and efficiency. The results achieved from this method and GEP are compared with two different sediment rating curves based on regression techniques. The findings show that the results from both the HBMP and GEP methods are promising and outperform the results obtained from the sediment rating curves.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor L. See