Enhancing PIV image and fractal descriptor for velocity and shear stresses propagation around a circular pier

In this study,the fractal dimensions of velocity fluctuations and the Reynolds shear stresses propagation for flow around a circular bridge pier are presented.In the study reported herein,the fractal dimension of velocity fluctuations(u′,v′,w′) and the Reynolds shear stresses(u′v′ and u′w′) of flow around a bridge pier were computed using a Fractal Interpolation Function(FIF) algorithm.The velocity fluctuations of flow along a horizontal plane above the bed were measured using Acoustic Doppler Velocity meter(ADV)and Particle Image Velocimetry(P1V).The PIV is a powerful technique which enables us to attain high resolution spatial and temporal information of turbulent flow using instantaneous time snapshots.In this study,PIV was used for detection of high resolution fractal scaling around a bridge pier.The results showed that the fractal dimension of flow fluctuated significantly in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the vicinity of the pier.It was also found that the fractal dimension of velocity fluctuations and shear stresses increased rapidly at vicinity of pier at downstream whereas it remained approximately unchanged far downstream of the pier.The higher value of fractal dimension was found at a distance equal to one times of the pier diameter in the back of the pier.Furthermore,the average fractal dimension for the streamwise and transverse velocity fluctuations decreased from the centreline to the side wall of the flume.Finally,the results from ADV measurement were consistent with the result from PIV,therefore,the ADV enables to detect turbulent characteristics of flow around a circular bridge pier.     

b-value and fractal dimension variations in Iran

Iran sits on a region with a high intrinsic level of seismic activity due to its tectonic setting. Through statistical examination of the earthquakes listed in the catalogue from International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), this research attempted to calculate some seismicity factors and find correlation between them. A preliminary analysis indicated changes in the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter relationship over the study region. Thus, the study area was divided into five zones (Alborz, Zagros, Azerbaijan, Central and East) and b-value was computed for each zone. Considering faulting mechanism styles and the b-values in the region, it was found that the lowest b-values belong to the thrust events and strike-slip faulting earthquakes have intermediate values. These findings support previous studies. Furthermore, results of b-value calculation were used for the estimation of accumulated differential stresses (σ₁–σ₂) over each zone. Overall, the b-value for Iran is averagely low which signifies the high stress tectonic regime in this region. Also, by having calculated fractal dimension (D) in each zone, a correlation obtained showing that in Iran region, the b-value correlates to fractal dimension by D = 4.2b–2 relation which does not support Aki's (1981) speculation of D = 3b/c.     

Compounding effects of human activities and climatic changes on surface water availability in Iran

Climatic Change - By combining long-term ground-based data on water withdrawal with climate model projections, this study quantifies the compounding effects of human activities and climate change...     

Evaluation of Land Surface Scheme SABAE-HW in Simulating Snow Depth,Soil Temperature and Soil Moisture within the BOREAS Site,Saskatchewan

The Soil Atmosphere Boundary, Accurate Evaluation of Heat and Water (SABAE-HW) model is a multilayered, one-dimensional, physically based version of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) and uses the same methodologies as CLASS, version 2.6. SABAE provides an improved interface for groundwater modelling to simulate soil moisture, soil temperature, energy fluxes and snow depth for a wide range of soil and vegetation. This paper reports the results of the first field comparison of SABAE-HW using an extensive ten-year dataset from the Boreal Ecosystem Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) and the Boreal Ecosystem Research and Monitoring Sites (BERMS) project, an area in central Saskatchewan, Canada, rich in terms of hydrological and meteorological data. The model is also independently tested and verified with the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model, which is an unsaturated-zone transport model. Two boundary conditions are considered at the bottom of the soil profile: a water table boundary condition and a unit gradient boundary condition. There was substantial agreement between the results of the simulations and observations in terms of snow depth and soil temperature. Snow depth and soil temperature were simulated reasonably well by SABAE, with correlation values of 0.96 and 0.98, respectively. However, there were some discrepancies for simulated soil temperature in winter. General agreement was obtained in terms of unfrozen soil moisture results, especially at greater depths, but there were general similarities in observed and simulated soil moisture trends in winter. An average correlation of 0.55 was found for SABAE while the correlation for SHAW was much smaller (less than 0.30), which indicates a better fit between simulated and field data by SABAE. Although a unit gradient boundary condition does not influence soil moisture, it was found that unit gradient boundary runs resulted in increased bias towards overestimation of the soil temperature. Thus, a safer and more accurate approach, we believe, is to adopt a first type boundary (i.e., water table) condition at the bottom of the domain. This has implications for climate and weather modelling in general. The result of this field testing demonstrated the potential and high accuracy of SABAE-HW as a Canadian model capable of simulating snow depth, snow temperature, soil moisture, energy fluxes, and we believe it is now appropriate to include this land surface scheme with its counterparts.

R ésumé ?[Traduit par la rédaction] Le modèle Soil Atmosphere Boundary, Accurate Evaluation of Heat and Water (SABAE-HW) est une version multicouche, à une dimension, basée sur la physique du schéma CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) qui utilise les mêmes méthodologies que le CLASS version 2.6. Le SABAE offre une interface améliorée pour la modélisation des eaux sous-terraines permettant de simuler l'humidité du sol, la température du sol, les flux d'énergie et l'épaisseur de la neige pour une grande variété de sols et de végétation. Cet article présente les résultats de la première comparaison terrain du SABAE-HW en utilisant une base de données étendue de dix ans de l'Étude de l'atmosphère et des écosystèmes boréaux (BOREAS) et du projet des Sites de recherche et de surveillance des écosystèmes boréaux (BERMS), une région du centre de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, riche en données hydrologiques et météorologiques. Le modèle est aussi indépendamment testé et vérifié à l'aide du Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW), un modèle de transport en zone non saturée. Deux conditions aux limites sont supposées au fond du profil du sol : une condition aux limites de nappe phréatique et une condition aux limites de gradient unitaire. On a trouvé une concordance importante entre les résultats des simulations et les observations en ce qui a trait à l'épaisseur de la neige et à la température du sol. L'épaisseur de la neige et la température du sol ont été raisonnablement bien simulées par le modèle SABAE, avec des corrélations de 0,96 et 0,98, respectivement. Cependant, il y avait certaines divergences pour la température simulée du sol en hiver. Pour ce qui est des résultats concernant l'humidité du sol non gelé, ils s'accordaient généralement, surtout pour les plus grandes profondeurs, mais il y avait des similarités générales dans les tendances observées et simulées de l'humidité du sol en hiver. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation moyenne de 0,55 pour le SABAE alors que la corrélation pour le SHAW était beaucoup plus faible (0,30), ce qui indique un meilleur ajustement des données simulées aux données de terrain pour le SABAE. Même si une condition aux limites de gradient unitaire n'influence pas l'humidité du sol, il ressort que des passes faites avec un gradient unitaire aux limites ont produit un biais accru vers la surestimation de la température du sol. Donc, nous croyons qu'une approche plus sûre et plus précise serait d'adopter une condition aux limites de Dirichlet (c.-à-d. une nappe phréatique) au fond du domaine. Ceci a des répercussions sur la modélisation du climat et du temps en général. Le résultat de cet essai sur le terrain a démontré le potentiel et la grande exactitude du SABAE-HW en tant que modèle canadien capable de simuler l'épaisseur de la neige, la température du sol, l'humidité du sol et les flux d'énergie et nous croyons qu'il est maintenant approprié d'inclure ce schéma de surface avec ses contreparties.     

Orbit uncertainty propagation and sensitivity analysis with separated representations

Most approximations for stochastic differential equations with high-dimensional, non-Gaussian inputs suffer from a rapid (e.g., exponential) increase of computational cost, an issue known as the curse of dimensionality. In astrodynamics, this results in reduced accuracy when propagating an orbit-state probability density function. This paper considers the application of separated representations for orbit uncertainty propagation, where future states are expanded into a sum of products of univariate functions of initial states and other uncertain parameters. An accurate generation of separated representation requires a number of state samples that is linear in the dimension of input uncertainties. The computation cost of a separated representation scales linearly with respect to the sample count, thereby improving tractability when compared to methods that suffer from the curse of dimensionality. In addition to detailed discussions on their construction and use in sensitivity analysis, this paper presents results for three test cases of an Earth orbiting satellite. The first two cases demonstrate that approximation via separated representations produces a tractable solution for propagating the Cartesian orbit-state uncertainty with up to 20 uncertain inputs. The third case, which instead uses Equinoctial elements, reexamines a scenario presented in the literature and employs the proposed method for sensitivity analysis to more thoroughly characterize the relative effects of uncertain inputs on the propagated state.     

Ascribing soil erosion types for sediment yield using composite fingerprinting technique

Abstract

Soil erosion and eroded sediment are serious threats to sound land management. However, less attention has been given to quantifying the importance of different soil erosion features based on appropriate control measures that could be designated. Accordingly, this research was planned to quantify the contribution of potential sediment sources, i.e. sheet, rill and gully erosion, in Idelo watershed in Zanjan Province, Iran, using composite fingerprinting. Toward this aim, 16 geochemical and organic tracers were detected in sediment sources and sediment deposited at the outlet. The results of applying the composite fingerprinting technique, with a relative error of 16%, showed that sheet, rill and gully sources contributed 56%, 44% and 0%, respectively, to sediment yield. It was also apparent from the results that the composite fingerprinting approach could be successfully utilized to assess the provenance of sediment deposited at the main outlet of the study watershed by soil erosion type.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb Deposit,Lorestan Province,Iran: a Metamorphosed SEDEX Deposit简

The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb deposit is one of several sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits found in the central part of the Sanadaj-Sirjan Zone, known as the Isfahan-Malayer belt, western Iran. Mineralization occurs in Upper Triassic to Jurassic phyllites and meta-sandstones. Sphalerite and galena are the most abundant metallic ores, with minor chalcopyrite. Calcite and quartz are the main gangue minerals. Fissure filling, replacement textures and especially mineralized faults, suggest an epigenetic stage in the Gol-e-Zard deposit formation. Geochemical studies of mineralized rocks show high concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cu,（Zn and Pb 〉 10000 ppm and Cu average 3000 ppm）. LREE enrichment（LREE〉HREE, La/Lu average 1.44） and positive Eu anomalies（Eu/Eu＊〉1 average 1.67） indicate reducing conditions during the deposition of deposit. However, some samples do not display negative Ce anomalies, which indicate that localized oxidizing conditions are also present. This study indicates that the Gol-e-Zard deposit formed due to circulating hydrothermal fluids in a marine environment. A SEDEX-type genesis, which is defined by circulating hydrothermal fluids through sediments in a marine environment, and syngenetic precipitation of Zn and Pb sulphides, is suggested for the Gol-e-Zard deposit. Emplacement of some granitoid intrusions such as the Aligudarz granitoid intrusion remobilized mineralizing fluids and metamorphosed the Gol-e-Zard deposit.     

Biological assessment of the Zayandeh Rud River, Iran, using benthic macroinvertebrates

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities from the middle of Zayandeh Rud River were analyzed monthly during 1 year at 8 stations, in order to assess changes in their diversity and richness in relation to water quality. Two major groups of sites based on similarity between macroinvertebrate communities were identified by cluster analysis. The performances of the original and revised BMWP score systems were assessed by comparing the community structure indices of benthic macroinvertebrates along with physico-chemical parameters of the water. The biotic indices (BMWP, ASPT, revised BMWP and ASPT) showed better correlation with water quality parameters than that of the richness and diversity indices. The revised ASPT had the highest correlation with water quality parameters. It seems that the application of the revised BMWP score system could be useful for assessment of the water quality in Zayandeh Rud River.     

Monitoring and projection of climate change impact on 24-h probable maximum precipitation in the Southeast of Caspian Sea

Natural Hazards - Due to the impacts of climate change on probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and its importance in designing hydraulic structures, PMP estimation is crucial. In this study, the...