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11.
Regional studies of Sq variations measured at five permanent observatories in Argentina were performed to estimate the distribution of the electrical conductivity of the upper and mid-mantle, reaching a depth of approximately 800 km. After separating the total field into its parts of external and internal origin, the in duced field was modeled, applying two-dimensional techniques. Additionally, induction arrows and an equivalent apparent resistivity curve were calculated A north-south heterogeneity was detected, showing an increase of the conductivity of the shallower layers north of the profile, which may be related to the presence of high volcanic activity in the area.Also at CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas). 相似文献
12.
Rainer Wolf Alicia B. Woodrow Richard A.F. Grieve 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1980,44(7):1015-1022
Eleven impact melt and 6 basement rock samples from 4 craters were analyzed by neutron activation for Au, Co, Cr, Fe, Ge, Ir, Ni, Os, Pd, Re and Se. Wanapitei Lake, Ontario: the impact melts show uniform enrichments corresponding to 1–2% C1-chondrite material. Interelement ratios (, , ) suggest that the impacting body was a Cl-, C2-, or LL-chondrite. Nicholson Lake, North West Territory: Ni, Cr and Co are distinctly more enriched than Ir and Au which tentatively suggests an olivine-rich achondrite (nakhlite or ureilite). Gow Lake, Saskatchewan and Mistastin, Labrador: small enrichments in Ir and Ni; both the low ratios and low Cr content suggest iron meteorites, but the signals are too weak for conclusive identification.A tentative comparison of meteoritic signatures at 10 large, ≥4km craters and their presumed celestial counterparts (13 Apollo and Amor asteroids) shows more irons and achondrites among known projectile types, and a preponderance of S-type objects, having no known meteoritic equivalent, among asteroids. It is not yet clear that these differences are significant, in view of the tentative nature of the crater identifications (achondrites in particular), and the limited statistics. 相似文献
13.
Guiomar Rotllant Carles G. Simeó Guillermo Guerao Marta Sastre Daniel F. R. Cleary Ricardo Calado Alicia Estévez 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(3):298-307
The spider crab Maja brachydactyla is an important commercial species in Europe and supports intensive fisheries in the NE Atlantic. A field survey was performed to assess long‐term and consecutive interannual (2005–2010) variation of the biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae of M. brachydactyla. Larval biochemical profiles differed significantly among years, with pronounced differences being recorded in 2010. Differences among batches of newly hatched larvae were mainly explained by the contribution of triacylglycerols and, to a lesser degree, by protein and lipid content. The use of different nutrition indices is discussed. The biochemical composition of newly hatched larvae from M. brachydactyla was highly variable, even though surveyed broodstock was obtained from the same local population and was always sampled during the same season. The unpredictable biochemical profiles of newly hatched larvae may condition their survival and recruitment. This largely overlooked aspect of larval variability should be considered in future fisheries management strategies and captive production of marine organisms that still rely on wild seeds. 相似文献
14.
Alicia Correa Boris F Ochoa-Tocachi Christian Birkel Ana Ochoa-Sánchez Charles Zogheib Carolina Tovar Wouter Buytaert 《水文研究》2020,34(24):4609-4627
Páramos, a neotropical alpine grassland-peatland biome of the northern Andes and Central America, play an essential role in regional and global cycles of water, carbon, and nutrients. They act as water towers, delivering water and ecosystem services from the high mountains down to the Pacific, Caribbean, and Amazon regions. Páramos are also widely recognized as a biodiversity and climate change hot spots, yet they are threatened by anthropogenic activities and environmental changes. Despite their importance for water security and carbon storage, and their vulnerability to human activities, only three decades ago, páramos were severely understudied. Increasing awareness of the need for hydrological evidence to guide sustainable management of páramos prompted action for generating data and for filling long-standing knowledge gaps. This has led to a remarkably successful increase in scientific knowledge, induced by a strong interaction between the scientific, policy, and (local) management communities. A combination of well-established and innovative approaches has been applied to data collection, processing, and analysis. In this review, we provide a short overview of the historical development of research and state of knowledge of the hydrometeorology, flux dynamics, anthropogenic impacts, and the influence of extreme events in páramos. We then present emerging technologies for hydrology and water resources research and management applied to páramos. We discuss how converging science and policy efforts have leveraged traditional and new observational techniques to generate an evidence base that can support the sustainable management of páramos. We conclude that this co-evolution of science and policy was able to successfully cover different spatial and temporal scales. Lastly, we outline future research directions to showcase how sustainable long-term data collection can foster the responsible conservation of páramos water towers. 相似文献
15.
Jorge Ramón Alicia Correa Edison Timbe Giovanny M. Mosquera Enma Mora Patricio Crespo 《水文研究》2021,35(6):e14209
Hydrogeochemical based mixing models have been successfully used to investigate the composition and source identification of streamflow. The applicability of these models is limited due to the high costs associated with data collection and the hydrogeochemical analysis of water samples. Fortunately, a variety of mixing models exist, requiting different amount of data as input, and in data scarce regions it is likely that preference will be given to models with the lowest requirement of input data. An unanswered question is if models with high or low input requirement are equally accurate. To this end, the performance of two mixing models with different input requirement, the mixing model analysis (MMA) and the end-member mixing analysis (EMMA), were verified on a tropical montane headwater catchment (21.7 km2) in the Ecuadorian Andes. Nineteen hydrogeochemical tracers were measured on water samples collected weekly during 3 years in streamflow and eight potential water sources or end-members (precipitation, lake water, soil water from different horizons and springs). Results based on 6 conservative tracers, revealed that EMMA (using all tracers) and MMA (using pair-combinations out of the 6 conservative ones), identified the same end-members: rainfall, soil water and spring water., as well as, similar contribution fractions to streamflow from rainfall 21.9% and 21.4%, soil water 52.7% and 52.3%, and spring water 26.1% and 28.7%, respectively. Our findings show that a hydrogeochemical mixing model requiring a few tracers can provide similar outcomes than models demanding more tracers as input data. This underlines the value of a preliminary detailed hydrogeochemical characterization as basis to derive the most cost-efficient monitoring strategy. 相似文献
16.
Effect of storms during drought on post‐wildfire recovery of channel sediment dynamics and habitat in the southern California chaparral,USA
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Joan L. Florsheim Anne Chin Alicia M. Kinoshita Samira Nourbakhshbeidokhti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(10):1482-1492
Current global warming projections suggest a possible increase in wildfire and drought, augmenting the need to understand how drought following wildfire affects the recovery of stream channels in relation to sediment dynamics. We investigated post‐wildfire geomorphic responses caused by storms during a prolonged drought following the 2013 Springs Fire in southern California (USA), using multi‐temporal terrestrial laser scanning and detailed field measurements. After the fire, a dry‐season dry‐ravel sediment pulse contributed sand and small gravel to hillslope‐channel margins in Big Sycamore Creek and its tributaries. A small storm in WY 2014 generated sufficient flow to mobilize a portion of the sediment derived from the dry‐ravel pulse and deposited the fine sediment in the channel, totaling ~0.60 m3/m of volume per unit length of channel. The sediment deposit buried step‐pool habitat structure and reduced roughness by over 90%. These changes altered sediment transport characteristics of the bed material present before and after the storm; the ratio of available to critical shear stress (τo/τc) increased by five times. Storms during WY 2015 contributed additional fine sediment from tributaries and lower hillslopes and hyperconcentrated flow transported and deposited additional sediment in the channel. Together these sources delivered sediment on the order of six times that in 2014, further increasing τo/τc. These storms during multi‐year drought following wildfire transformed channel dynamics. The increased sediment transport capacity persisted during the drought period characterized by the longer residence time of relatively fine‐grained post‐fire channel sedimentation. This contrasts with wetter years, when post‐fire sediment is transported from the fluvial system during the same season as the post‐fire sediment pulse. Results of this short‐term study highlight the complex and substantial effects of multi‐year drought on geomorphic responses following wildfire. These responses influence pool habitat that is critical to longer‐term post‐wildfire riparian ecosystem recovery. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
A new method to calculate volcanic susceptibility, i.e. the spatial probability of vent opening, is presented. Determination of volcanic susceptibility should constitute the first step in the elaboration of volcanic hazard maps of active volcanic fields. Our method considers different criteria as possible indicators for the location of future vents, based on the assumption that these locations should correspond to the surface expressions of the most likely pathways for magma ascent. Thus, two groups of criteria have been considered depending on the time scale (short or long term) of our approach. The first one accounts for long-term hazard assessment and corresponds to structural criteria that provide direct information on the internal structure of the volcanic field, including its past and present stress field, location of structural lineations (fractures and dikes), and location of past eruptions. The second group of criteria concerns to the computation of susceptibility for short term analyses (from days to a few months) during unrest episodes, and includes those structural and dynamical aspects that can be inferred from volcano monitoring. Thus, a specific layer of information is obtained for each of the criteria used. The specific weight of each criterion on the overall analysis depends on its relative significance to indicate pathways for magma ascent, on the quality of data and on their degree of confidence. The combination of the different data layers allows to create a map of the spatial probability of future eruptions based on objective criteria, thus constituting the first step to obtain the corresponding volcanic hazards map. The method has been used to calculate long-term volcanic susceptibility on Tenerife (Canary Islands), and the results obtained are also presented. 相似文献
18.
Servando De la Cruz-Reyna Izumi Yokoyama Alicia Martínez-Bringas Esteban Ramos 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2008,70(6):753-767
Popocatépetl Volcano is located in the central Mexican Volcanic Belt, within a densely populated region inhabited by over
20 million people. The eruptive history of this volcano indicates that it is capable of producing a wide range of eruptions,
including Plinian events. After nearly 70 years of quiescence, Popocatépetl reawakened in December 21, 1994. The eruptive
activity has continued up until the date of this submission and has been characterized by a succession of lava dome growth-and-destruction
episodes, similar to events that have apparently been typical for Popocatépetl since the fourteenth century. In this regime,
the episodes of effusive and moderately explosive activity alternate with long periods of almost total quiescence. In this
paper we analyze five years of volcano-tectonic seismicity preceding the initial eruption of the current episode. The evolution
of the V-T seismicity shows four distinct stages, which we interpret in terms of the internal processes which precede an eruption
after a long period of quiescence. The thermal effects of a magma intrusion at depth, the fracturing related to the slow development
of magma-related fluid pathways, the concentration of stress causing a protracted acceleration of this process, and a final
relaxation or redistribution of the stress shortly before the initial eruption are reflected in the rates of V-T seismic energy
release. A hindsight analysis of this activity shows that the acceleration of the seismicity in the third stage asymptotically
forecast the time of the eruption. The total seismic energy release needed to produce an eruption after a long period of quiescence
is related to the volume of rock that must be fractured so imposing a characteristic threshold limit for polygenetic volcanoes,
limit that was reached by Popocatépetl before the eruption. 相似文献
19.
Trevor I. Allen David J. Wald Paul S. Earle Kristin D. Marano Alicia J. Hotovec Kuowan Lin Michael G. Hearne 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2009,7(3):701-718
We present an Atlas of ShakeMaps and a catalog of human population exposures to moderate-to-strong ground shaking (EXPO-CAT)
for recent historical earthquakes (1973–2007). The common purpose of the Atlas and exposure catalog is to calibrate earthquake
loss models to be used in the US Geological Survey’s Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER). The full
ShakeMap Atlas currently comprises over 5,600 earthquakes from January 1973 through December 2007, with almost 500 of these
maps constrained—to varying degrees—by instrumental ground motions, macroseismic intensity data, community internet intensity
observations, and published earthquake rupture models. The catalog of human exposures is derived using current PAGER methodologies.
Exposure to discrete levels of shaking intensity is obtained by correlating Atlas ShakeMaps with a global population database.
Combining this population exposure dataset with historical earthquake loss data, such as PAGER-CAT, provides a useful resource
for calibrating loss methodologies against a systematically-derived set of ShakeMap hazard outputs. We illustrate two example
uses for EXPO-CAT; (1) simple objective ranking of country vulnerability to earthquakes, and; (2) the influence of time-of-day
on earthquake mortality. In general, we observe that countries in similar geographic regions with similar construction practices
tend to cluster spatially in terms of relative vulnerability. We also find little quantitative evidence to suggest that time-of-day
is a significant factor in earthquake mortality. Moreover, earthquake mortality appears to be more systematically linked to
the population exposed to severe ground shaking (Modified Mercalli Intensity VIII+). Finally, equipped with the full Atlas
of ShakeMaps, we merge each of these maps and find the maximum estimated peak ground acceleration at any grid point in the
world for the past 35 years. We subsequently compare this “composite ShakeMap” with existing global hazard models, calculating
the spatial area of the existing hazard maps exceeded by the combined ShakeMap ground motions. In general, these analyses
suggest that existing global, and regional, hazard maps tend to overestimate hazard. Both the Atlas of ShakeMaps and EXPO-CAT
have many potential uses for examining earthquake risk and epidemiology. All of the datasets discussed herein are available
for download on the PAGER Web page ().
T. I. Allen and M. G. Hearne—contracted through Synergetics Incorporated. 相似文献
20.
This paper deals with a general discussion of the subject matter. Recent literature is analyzed including some incorrect treatments of particular cases. Finally, a variational solution is obtained for the case where a linear distribution of stresses is applied to the plate boundaries. The lower natural frequencies are then tabulated as a function of the governing geometric and mechanical parameters. 相似文献