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941.
Marina Solis Hernán Mugni Silvia Fanelli Carlos Bonetto 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2017,76(4):180
Agricultural practices have been intensified in recent decades in Argentina. The Pampa plain is the main agricultural region of the country. The effect of increased application of agrochemicals on the invertebrate fauna of the Pampasic streams remains unreported. In the present study, we compared the abundance and composition of invertebrate assemblages in seven Pampasic streams with contrasting soil use in their basins. Two streams run through intensively cropped plots, two drain basins with livestock fields, while the other three are located within a biosphere Reserve. Higher nutrient and insecticide concentrations were measured in the streams draining cropped basins, related with pesticide applications and crop fertilization. The invertebrate assemblage composition of the cropped streams differed significantly from the others and between the two. Present evidence suggests that the impact of agrochemicals results in a change in composition with decreased abundance or absence of sensitive species such as Hyalellidae, Caenidae, Baetidae and Curculionidae and increased abundance of more tolerant taxa: Ostracoda, Glossiphoniidae (Hirudinea), Ancylidae (Gundlanchia), Ampullariidae (Pomacea canaliculata), Sphaeriidae and Dugesiidae. Available information suggests that macrophyte cover and composition also influence the invertebrate assemblages of the Pampasic streams. 相似文献
942.
A. K. Varma R. M. Gairola A. K. Mathur B. S. Gohil Vijay K. Agarwal 《Journal of Earth System Science》2002,111(3):247-256
In this paper, MSMR geophysical products like Integrated Water Vapour (IWV), Ocean Surface Wind Speed (OWS) and Cloud Liquid
Water (CLW) in different grids of 50, 75 and 150 kms are compared with similar products available from other satellites like
DMSP-SSM/I and TRMMTMI. MSMR derived IWV, OWS and CLW compare well with SSM/I and TMI finished products. Comparison of MSMR
derived CLW with that derived from TMI and SSM/I is relatively in less agreement. This is possibly due to the use of 37 GHz
in SSM/I and TMI that is highly sensitive to CLW, while 37 GHz channels are not available on MSMR. Monthly comparison of MSMR
geophysical products with those from TMI is all carried out for climatological purpose. The monthly comparisons were much
better compared to instantaneous comparisons. In this paper, details of the data analysis and comparison results are presented.
The usefulness of the MSMR vis-à-vis other sensors is also discussed. 相似文献
943.
Jianpo Guo Fenghui Zhang Xianfei Zhang Zhanwen Han 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2010,325(1):25-30
Ultraviolet radiation is a double-edged sword to life. If it is too strong, the terrestrial biological systems will be damaged.
And if it is too weak, the synthesis of many biochemical compounds cannot go along. We try to obtain the continuous ultraviolet
habitable zones, and compare the ultraviolet habitable zones with the habitable zones of host stars. Using the boundary ultraviolet
radiation of ultraviolet habitable zone, we calculate the ultraviolet habitable zones of host stars with masses from 0.08
to 4.00 M
⊙. For the host stars with effective temperatures lower than 4,600 K, the ultraviolet habitable zones are closer than the habitable
zones. For the host stars with effective temperatures higher than 7,137 K, the ultraviolet habitable zones are farther than
the habitable zones. For a hot subdwarf as a host star, the distance of the ultraviolet habitable zone is about ten times
more than that of the habitable zone, which is not suitable for the existence of life. 相似文献
944.
aiNet- and GIS-based regional prediction system for the spatial and temporal probability of rainfall-triggered landslides 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We developed a real-time forecasting system, aiNet-GISPSRIL, for evaluating the spatiotemporal probability of occurrence of
rainfall-triggered landslides. In this system, the aiNet (a kind of artificial neutral network based on a self-organizing
system) and GIS are merged for integrating the rainfall conditions into various environmental factors that influence the landslide
occurrence and for simulating the complex non-linear relationships between landslide occurrence and its related conditions.
Zhejiang Province (101,800 km2 in area), located in the southeast coastal region of China, is highly prone to the occurrence of landslides during intensive
rainfall. Since 2003, the aiNet-GISPSRIL has been used to predict landslides during the rainy seasons in the region. The aiNet-GISPSRIL
uses the regional 24-h forecast rainfall information and the real-time rainfall monitoring data from the rain-gauge network
as its inputs, and then provides 24-h forecast of the landslide probability for every 1 × 1-km grid cell within the region.
Verification studies on the performance of the aiNet-GISPSRIL show that the system has successfully predicted the dates and
localities of 304 landslides (accounting for 66.2% of reported landslides during the period). During the period from 2003
to 2007, because the system provided the probability levels of landslide occurrences up to 24-h in advance, gave locations
of potential landslides, and timely warned those individuals at high-risk areas, more than 1700 persons living in the risk
sites had been evacuated to safe ground before the landslides occurred and thus casualty was avoided. This highly computerized,
easy-operating system can be used as a prototype for developing forecasting systems in other regions that are prone to rainfall-triggered landslides. 相似文献
945.
The outflow from the Sea of Okhotsk to the North Pacific is important in characterising the surface-to-intermediate-depth
water masses in the Pacific Ocean. The two basins are separated by the Kuril Islands with numerous straits, among which the
Bussol and the Kruzenshterna Straits are deeper than 1000 m. The physics governing the transport between the two basins is
complicated, but when the semidiurnal and diurnal tides are subtracted, the observed density and velocity structures across
the Bussol Strait suggest a significant contribution from geostrophic balance. Using a two-layer model with the interface
at 27.5σ
θ
, part of the upper layer transport that is not driven by tides is estimated using two previously unexplored data sets: outputs
from the Ocean General Circulation Model for Earth Simulator (OFES), and historical hydrographic data. The Pacific water flows
into the Sea of Okhotsk through the northeastern straits. The greatest inflow is through the Kruzenshtern Strait, but the
OFES results show that the contributions from other shallower straits are almost half of the Kruzenshtern inflow. Similarly,
the outflow from the Sea of Okhotsk is through the southwestern straits of the Kuril Islands with the largest Bussol Strait
contributing 60% of the total outflow. The OFES and hydrographic estimates agree that the exchange is strongest in February
to March, with an inflow of about −6 to −12 Sv (negative indicates the flow from the North Pacific, 1 Sv = 106 m3s−1), and an outflow from the Sea of Okhotsk of about +8 to +9 Sv (positive indicates the flow from the Sea of Okhotsk), which
is weakest in summer (−3 to +1 Sv through the northeastern straits and +0 to +3 Sv through the southwestern straits). The
estimated seasonal variation is consistent with a simple analytic model driven by the difference in sea surface height between
the two basins. 相似文献
946.
947.
948.
T. S. V. Vijaya Kumar J. Sanjay B. K. Basu A. K. Mitra D. V. Bhaskar Rao O. P. Sharma P. K. Pal T. N. Krishnamurti 《Natural Hazards》2007,41(3):471-485
This study entails the implementation of an experimental real time forecast capability for tropical cyclones over the Bay
of Bengal basin of North Indian Ocean. This work is being built on the experience gained from a number of recent studies using
the concept of superensemble developed at the Florida State University (FSU). Real time hurricane forecasts are one of the
major components of superensemble modeling at FSU. The superensemble approach of training followed by real time forecasts
produces the best forecasts for tracks and intensity (up to 5 days) of Atlantic hurricanes and Pacific typhoons. Improvements
in track forecasts of about 25–35% compared to current operational forecast models has been noted over the Atlantic Ocean
basin. The intensity forecasts for hurricanes are only marginally better than the best models. In this paper, we address tropical
cyclone forecasts over the Bay of Bengal for the years 1996–2000. The main result from this study is that the position and
intensity errors for tropical cyclone forecasts over the Bay of Bengal from the multimodel superensemble are generally less
than those of all of the participating models during 1- to 3-day forecasts. Some of the major tropical cyclones, such as the
November 1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone and October 1999 Orissa super cyclone were well handled by this superensemble approach.
A conclusion from this study is that the proposed approach may be a viable way to construct improved forecasts of Bay of Bengal
tropical cyclone positions and intensity. 相似文献
949.
Urban Seismic Risk Evaluation: A Holistic Approach 总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3
Risk has been defined, for management purposes, as the potential economic, social and environmental consequences of hazardous
events that may occur in a specified period of time. However, in the past, the concept of risk has been defined in a fragmentary
way in many cases, according to each scientific discipline involved in its appraisal. From the perspective of this article,
risk requires a multidisciplinary evaluation that takes into account not only the expected physical damage, the number and
type of casualties or economic losses, but also the conditions related to social fragility and lack of resilience conditions,
which favour the second order effects (indirect effects) when a hazard event strikes an urban centre. The proposed general
method of urban risk evaluation is multi hazard and holistic, that is, an integrated and comprehensive approach to guide decision-making.
The evaluation of the potential physical damage (hard approach) as the result of the convolution of hazard and physical vulnerability
of buildings and infrastructure is the first step of this method. Subsequently, a set of social context conditions that aggravate
the physical effects are also considered (soft approach). In the method here proposed, the holistic risk evaluation is based
on urban risk indicators. According to this procedure, a physical risk index is obtained, for each unit of analysis, from
existing loss scenarios, whereas the total risk index is obtained by factoring the former index by an impact factor or aggravating
coefficient, based on variables associated with the socio-economic conditions of each unit of analysis. Finally, the proposed
method is applied in its single hazard form to the holistic seismic risk evaluation for the cities of Bogota (Colombia) and
Barcelona (Spain). 相似文献
950.
Multi-borehole pumping and tracer tests on the 10 to 100-m scale were conducted in a fractured chalk aquitard in the Negev
Desert, Israel. Outcrop and core fracture surveys, as well as slug tests in packed-off intervals, were carried out at this
site to obtain the parameters needed for construction of a stochastic discrete fracture network (DFN). Calibration of stochastic
DFNs directly to the multiple borehole test data was inadequate. Instead, two equivalent deterministic DFN flow models were
used: the vertical-fractures (VF) model, consisting of only vertical fractures, and the fractures’ intersections (INT) model,
consisting of vertical and horizontal fractures with enhanced transmissivity at their intersections. Both models were calibrated
against the multi-borehole response of one pumping test and their predictions were tested against three other independent
pumping tests. The average accuracies of all transient drawdown predictions of the VF and INT models were 65 and 66%, respectively.
In contrast to this equality in average drawdown predictions of both models, the INT model predicted better important breakthrough
curve features (e.g., first and peak arrival times), than the VF model. This result is in line with previously assumed channeled
flow, derived from analytical analysis of these pumping and tracer tests.
Ronit Nativ, deceased, may her memory be blessed. 相似文献