全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2883篇 |
免费 | 131篇 |
国内免费 | 9篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 86篇 |
大气科学 | 228篇 |
地球物理 | 817篇 |
地质学 | 1048篇 |
海洋学 | 233篇 |
天文学 | 413篇 |
综合类 | 18篇 |
自然地理 | 180篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 50篇 |
2020年 | 51篇 |
2019年 | 53篇 |
2018年 | 306篇 |
2017年 | 200篇 |
2016年 | 164篇 |
2015年 | 91篇 |
2014年 | 132篇 |
2013年 | 173篇 |
2012年 | 106篇 |
2011年 | 163篇 |
2010年 | 146篇 |
2009年 | 175篇 |
2008年 | 128篇 |
2007年 | 95篇 |
2006年 | 104篇 |
2005年 | 107篇 |
2004年 | 87篇 |
2003年 | 80篇 |
2002年 | 55篇 |
2001年 | 37篇 |
2000年 | 32篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 32篇 |
1997年 | 28篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 27篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 18篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1969年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有3023条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
Multiple stable isotope analyses were used to examine the trophic shifts at faunal assemblages within the invading macroalga Caulerpa racemosa in comparison to established communities of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows. Sampling of macrobenthic invertebrates and their potential food sources of algal mats and seagrass meadows in Mallorca (NW Mediterranean) showed differences in species composition of faunal and primary producers among seagrass and C. racemosa. Accordingly, changes in food web structure and trophic guilds were observed, not only at species level but also at community level. The carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures of herbivores, detritivores and deposit feeders confirmed that the seagrass provided a small contribution to the macrofaunal organisms. δ13C at the P. oceanica seagrass and at the C. racemosa assemblages differed, ranging from −6.19 to −21.20‰ and −2.67 to −31.41‰, respectively. δ15N at the Caulerpa mats was lower (ranging from 2.64 to 10.45‰) than that at the seagrass meadows (3.51–12. 94‰). Significant differences in isotopic signatures and trophic level among trophic guilds at P. oceanica and C. racemosa were found. N fractionation at trophic guild level considerable differed between seagrass and macroalgae mats, especially for detritivores, deposit feeders, and herbivores. Filter feeders slightly differed with a relatively lower N signal at the seagrass and CR values at community level and at trophic guild level were higher in the C. racemosa invaded habitats indicating an increase in diversity of basal resource pools. C. racemosa did seem to broaden the niche diversity of the P. oceanica meadows it colonised at the base of the food web, may be due to the establishment of a new basal resource. The extent of the effects of invasive species on ecosystem functioning is a fundamental issue in conservation ecology. The observed changes in invertebrate and macrophytic composition, stable isotope signatures of concomitant species and consequent trophic guild and niche breadth shifts at invaded Caulerpa beds increase our understanding of the seagrass systems. 相似文献
992.
Laurence Laperrière Marie-Andrée Fallu Sonja Hausmann Reinhard Pienitz Derek Muir 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,40(1):309-324
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of fossil diatoms and geochemical signals preserved in the sediments of Lac Dauriat
(subarctic Quebec) were performed to evaluate the impacts of nearby mining activity and the expansion of the town of Schefferville
on the water quality of the lake, and to reconstruct the changes of its trophic status. The presence of taxa typical of nutrient-enriched
environments (e.g., Cyclostephanos invisitatus, Nitzschia gracilis, Nitzschia perminuta) and the low percentages of chrysophytes were indicative of the advanced state of eutrophication of the lake during the peak
of mining activity, and were evidence of the negative impacts of municipal waste on the water quality of Lac Dauriat. Sedimentary
analysis of metals, notably lead, mercury, cadmium, bismuth, cobalt, copper and zinc, showed maximum concentrations between
1940 and 1960 with mining era to pre-development enrichment factors ranging from 4.5 to 7.9. The changes seen in recent sediments
reflected 3 distinct stages in the recent history of this ecosystem: (a) the non-perturbed, pre-mining (1882–1939), (b) the
perturbed, mining period (1939–1977) with accelerated eutrophication, and (c) the post-mining period (1977–1999) with indications
of natural recovery of the system after the installation of a water treatment plant in 1975, the closing of the mine in 1983,
and the subsequent exodus of the town’s population. Despite the trajectory towards a return to the lake’s natural conditions,
water resource managers and (paleo-)limnologists should be alarmed that the impacts of past human disturbance are still in
evidence more than 20 years after the closure of the mines, and that Lac Dauriat has yet to reach its natural state of the
period preceding extreme anthropogenic impact. 相似文献
993.
J. Aragonés A. Fert N. Ferrer M. C. Schmidt J. Tejada M. Font-Altaba 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1982,8(5):206-211
By means of paramagnetic Mössbauer spectra the cation distribution of the solid solution CoFe x Al2?x O4 with 0≦x≦1.5 has been determined. The existence of high field magnetic susceptibility at low temperature for samples with x≧0.4 has been interpreted in terms of non-collinear ferrimagnetic arrangements. Below the Neel temperature the spinel CoAl2O4 has a complex antiferromagnetic behavior. 相似文献
994.
Pedro Corona-Chávez María del Sol Hernández-Bernal Pietro Vignola Rufino Lozano-Santacruz Juan Julio Morales-Contreras Margarita Reyes-Salas Jesús Solé-Viñas José F. Molina 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2018,78(2):248-253
We present the results of physical properties, petrography, bulk chemistry, mineral compositions, phase relations modelling and Noble gases study of the meteorite El Pozo. The petrography and mineral compositions indicate that the meteorite is an L5 chondrite with a low shock stage of S2-S3. Heterogenous weathering was preferentially along shock structures. Thermobarometric calculations indicate thermal equilibrium conditions between 768?°C and 925?°C at ~4 to 6?kb, which are substantially consistent with the petrological metamorphism type 5. A pseudosection phase diagram is relatively consistent with the mineral assemblage observed and PT conditions calculated. Temperature vs. fO2 diagram shows that plagioclase compositional stability is very sensitive to Tschermack substitution in orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and XAn plagioclase during the high temperature metamorphic process. Based on noble gases He, Ne, Ar and K contents a cosmogenic exposure age CRE of 1.9?Myr was calculated. The 21Ne would be totally cosmogenic, with no primordial Ne. The 21Ne/22Ne value (0.97) is higher than solar value. According to the cosmogenic Ne content, we argue that El Pozo chondrite originally had a pre-atmospheric mass of 9–10?kg, which would have been produced by a later collision after the recognized collision of the L-chondrite parent body ~470?Ma ago. 相似文献
995.
José S. Carrión Elena Fierro Milagros Ros Manuel Munuera Santiago Fernández Juan Ochando Gabriela Amorós Francisca Navarro Tomás Rodríguez-Estrella Saúl Manzano Penélope González-Sampériz Ana Moreno 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2018,129(4):512-525
This paper presents a new Holocene palaeoecological record from coastal south-eastern Spain, a region characterised by high plant species diversity, varied physiography, high risk of desertification, and a history of human pressure on the landscape that stretches to antiquity. The pollen sequence shows four main vegetation phases: the first characterised by mixed forests of Pinus and evergreen Quercus accompanied by broad-leaved mesophilous trees, and a diversity of Mediterranean scrub; the second phase is characterised by mesophytic decline and expansion of Artemisia; a third, mid-Holocene phase of thermo-mesophytic maxima with prevalence of forested landscapes; and, finally, the progressive opening of the landscape with sparse pines, halo-xerophytic grasslands and sclerophyllous brushwood. The current treeless situation of south-eastern Spain is a relatively recent feature resulting from a dramatic change in the ecological structure of the regional landscapes. This paper stresses the continued vulnerability of these arid systems in the face of a changing climate. This sequence adds to previous palaeobotanical records (pollen and charcoal) and archaeological reports to suggest that deforestation started earlier in low-elevation areas and river basins than in the inland mountains and platforms, a factor that appears in connection to human exploitation of the natural environment. 相似文献
996.
Zhong-Sen Li Assia Benchouk Feth-Ellah Mounir Derfouf Nabil Abou-Bekr Said Taibi Hanène Souli Jean-Marie Fleureau 《Acta Geotechnica》2018,13(1):51-71
The main objective of this paper is to examine how different engineering soils react to environmental variations and to provide correlations to characterize their behaviour under null external mechanical stress. Two French and two Algerian soils with liquid limits ranging from 36 to 112 were prepared under both slurry and Proctor compaction conditions, and then subjected to drying–wetting paths with suction controlled from several kPa to several hundreds of MPa. Experimental results are presented in five diagrams to show globally and simultaneously the shrinkage–swelling, saturation–desaturation and water retention characteristics. A reasonable consistency was observed between the oedometric and drying curves of slurry, confirming the equivalence between hydraulic loading (suction) and mechanical loading (consolidation stress) on the volume change behaviour of different soils. As an intrinsic parameter of soil nature, liquid limit was found to have a significant influence on the shrinkage limit, air-entry suction and compressibility of both slurry and compacted samples. For that reason, correlations between these characteristics and liquid limit were set up, providing a good basis for a first estimation of the drying–wetting curves. At the micro-scale, new experimental results were obtained: either on drying or wetting path, the micro-pores were almost unaffected, whereas, when matrix suction increased from 0.1 to 8 MPa, the volume of macro-pores decreased to quasi-closure. At last, the analogy between the compaction and drying–wetting curves, and the comparison of different methods to determine the water retention curve were addressed. Such analogies and comparisons contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of mechanical stress and suction. 相似文献
997.
K.?PapapavlouEmail authorView authors OrcID profile J.?R.?Darling D.?E.?Moser I.?R.?Barker EIMF L.?F.?White P.?C.?Lightfoot C.?D.?Storey J.?Dunlop 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2018,173(10):82
Identifying and dating large impact structures is challenging, as many of the traditional shock indicator phases can be modified by post-impact processes. Refractory accessory phases, such as zircon, while faithful recorders of shock wave passage, commonly respond with partial U–Pb age resetting during impact events. Titanite is an accessory phase with lower Pb closure temperature than many other robust chronometers, but its potential as indicator and chronometer of impact-related processes remains poorly constrained. In this study, we examined titanite grains from the Sudbury (Ontario, Canada) and Vredefort (South Africa) impact structures, combining quantitative microstructural and U–Pb dating techniques. Titanite grains from both craters host planar microstructures and microtwins that show a common twin–host disorientation relationship of 74° about <102>. In the Vredefort impact structure, the microtwins deformed internally and developed high- and low-angle grain boundaries that resulted in the growth of neoblastic crystallites. U–Pb isotopic dating of magmatic titanite grains with deformation microtwins from the Sudbury impact structure yielded a 207Pb/206Pb age of 1851?±?12 Ma that records either the shock heating or the crater modification stage of the impact event. The titanite grains from the Vredefort impact structure yielded primarily pre-impact ages recording the cooling of the ultra-high-temperature Ventersdorp event, but domains with microtwins or planar microstructures show evidence of U–Pb isotopic disturbance. Despite that the identified microtwins are not diagnostic of shock-metamorphic processes, our contribution demonstrates that titanite has great potential to inform studies of the terrestrial impact crater record. 相似文献
998.
Chunli?YangEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Ninglian?Wang Shijin?Wang Liang?Zhou 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,131(1-2):43-54
Predictor selection is a critical factor affecting the statistical downscaling of daily precipitation. This study provides a general comparison between uncertainties in downscaled results from three commonly used predictor selection methods (correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, and stepwise regression analysis). Uncertainty is analyzed by comparing statistical indices, including the mean, variance, and the distribution of monthly mean daily precipitation, wet spell length, and the number of wet days. The downscaled results are produced by the artificial neural network (ANN) statistical downscaling model and 50 years (1961–2010) of observed daily precipitation together with reanalysis predictors. Although results show little difference between downscaling methods, stepwise regression analysis is generally the best method for selecting predictors for the ANN statistical downscaling model of daily precipitation, followed by partial correlation analysis and then correlation analysis. 相似文献
999.
Nasrin?Salehnia Hossein?ZareEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Sohrab?Kolsoumi Mohammad?Bannayan 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,131(3-4):1005-1018
The study examines the potential of urban roofs to reduce the urban heat island (UHI) effect by changing their reflectivity and implementing vegetation (green roofs) using the example of the City of Vienna. The urban modelling simulations are performed based on high-resolution orography and land use data, climatological observations, surface albedo values from satellite imagery and registry of the green roof potential in Vienna. The modelling results show that a moderate increase in reflectivity of roofs (up to 0.45) reduces the mean summer temperatures in the densely built-up environment by approximately 0.25 °C. Applying high reflectivity materials (roof albedo up to 0.7) leads to average cooling in densely built-up area of approximately 0.5 °C. The green roofs yield a heat load reduction in similar order of magnitude as the high reflectivity materials. However, only 45 % of roof area in Vienna is suitable for greening and the green roof potential mostly applies to industrial areas in city outskirts and is therefore not sufficient for substantial reduction of the UHI effect, particularly in the city centre which has the highest heat load. The strongest cooling effect can be achieved by combining the green roofs with high reflectivity materials. In this case, using 50 or 100 % of the green roof potential and applying high reflectivity materials on the remaining surfaces have a similar cooling effect. 相似文献
1000.
Abhishek?GaurEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Slobodan?P.?Simonovic 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,132(1-2):287-300
Physical scaling (SP) method downscales climate model data to local or regional scales taking into consideration physical characteristics of the area under analysis. In this study, multiple SP method based models are tested for their effectiveness towards downscaling North American regional reanalysis (NARR) daily precipitation data. Model performance is compared with two state-of-the-art downscaling methods: statistical downscaling model (SDSM) and generalized linear modeling (GLM). The downscaled precipitation is evaluated with reference to recorded precipitation at 57 gauging stations located within the study region. The spatial and temporal robustness of the downscaling methods is evaluated using seven precipitation based indices. Results indicate that SP method-based models perform best in downscaling precipitation followed by GLM, followed by the SDSM model. Best performing models are thereafter used to downscale future precipitations made by three global circulation models (GCMs) following two emission scenarios: representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6 and RCP 8.5 over the twenty-first century. The downscaled future precipitation projections indicate an increase in mean and maximum precipitation intensity as well as a decrease in the total number of dry days. Further an increase in the frequency of short (1-day), moderately long (2–4 day), and long (more than 5-day) precipitation events is projected. 相似文献