Coping strategies and struggle against food insecurity: the case of district Banda in Bundelkhand region,India

GeoJournal - Present study examines the current situation of food insecurity in Banda district of Bundelkhand region on the basis of measures of food quality and food quantity. Coping strategy...     

The stratigraphy and fire history of the Kutai Peatlands, Kalimantan, Indonesia

The equatorial peatlands of the Kutai lowland of eastern Kalimantan are generally 4–10 m in thickness but some sections exceed 16 m in depth. The deposition of peat commenced about 8000 yrs ago after shallow flooding of the basin by the Mahakam River. The earliest vegetation is a Pandanus swamp which grades upwards to swamp forest dominated by dipterocarps. The peatland has expanded laterally and rivers have maintained narrow levee-channel tracks through the swamp, which has grown vertically in balance with river accretion. Historical fires are associated with extreme El Niño years of drought, but human agency is important. The fires of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 burnt up to 85% of the vegetation on the peatland. Although charcoal analyses show that fire has occurred throughout the history of the peatland, it is rare in forests remote from rivers until the last 3000 years and only common within the last millennium. Fires are earlier and more frequent in sites accessible from waterways, and floodplains have been widely burnt down to water table or below, forming extensive lakes.     

基于网格单元的西北干旱区城市土地覆被/土地利用时空变化研究——以新疆喀什市为例

利用1995、2005和2015年3期Landsat遥感数据,提取新疆喀什地区喀什市土地覆被/土地利用信息,并将各时期用地分类数据分别转入50 m×50 m的矢量网格单元,建立基于矢量网格单元的土地覆被/土地利用网格图,探讨喀什市1995-2015年土地覆被/土地利用时空变化特征及驱动因素;通过叠加分析,研究时期内各用地类型之间相互转换和替代关系。结果显示：（1）1995-2015年间喀什市土地覆被/土地利用变化剧烈,以建设用地面积变化最为显著,20 a间面积增加近3倍,未利用地和绿地面积均有所减少,水体的面积变化显现波动态势。（2）1995-2015年喀什市建设用地扩张主要以"摊大饼"式的外延扩张为主,但也伴随少量内部填充的集约式增长模式,通过回归分析,建设用地面积的增加与城市人口的增加和社会经济的发展具有紧密的正相关关系。（3）建设用地在扩张过程中主要侵占和替代了未利用地和绿地,并且绿地的增加与减少和未利用地的侵占与被侵占有着直接关联。     

Stakeholder's views on fisheries compliance: An Australian case study

This study presents the results of a field survey that focused on the views of Tasmanian abalone fishery stakeholders (commercial and non-commercial divers, processor, enforcement agency and management) with regards to non-compliance in the abalone fishery. The primary data was collected through 22 face-to-face interviews with stakeholders and the Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was used to determine if significant differences existed between the means of responses from primary and secondary stakeholders. It was found that there is no significant difference in mean responses of primary and secondary stakeholders in regard to the factors that have the potential in influencing the non-compliance in the fishery. The similarity of views between the regulators and resource users on the source and nature of non-compliance in the fishery would form the basis for improved compliance strategies.     

C, O, S and Sr isotope studies on the genesis of Fe-carbonate and barite mineralizations in the Attepe iron district (Adana, Southern Turkey)

The Attepe district consists of Precambrian, Lower–Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian–Lower Ordovician and Mesozoic formations. It contains several iron deposits and occurrences. Three types of iron-mineralizations can be distinguished in the area; (i) Sedimentary Fe-sulfide in Precambrian bituminous metapelitic rocks, and Fe-oxides in Precambrian metasandstones (SISO), (ii) vein-type Fe-carbonate and oxides composed of mainly siderite, ankerite and hematite including barite in Lower–Middle Cambrian metacarbonates of the Çaltepe Formation (HICO), (iii) karstic Fe-oxides and hydroxides essentially in the Lower–Middle Cambrian metacarbonates and the unweathered Fe-carbonates (KIO). The latter type is more widespread and located at the upper parts of the most important mineable iron deposits like Attepe deposit.

Oxygen-, carbon-, sulfur- and strontium-isotope studies have been performed on siderites and barites in the vein-type ores, and on calcites in the recrystallized Çaltepe Limestones to investigate the sources and formation mechanism of primary ore-forming constituents. The δ¹³C values of siderites and calcites in limestones of the Çaltepe Formation range from −10.10‰ to −8.20‰, and from −0.8‰ to 2.30‰. Both carbonate minerals show δ¹⁸O values between 17.50–18.30‰ and 16.20–23.00‰, respectively. The δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotopic variations do not indicate any direct or linear relations between siderites and limestones. However, it is possible that the carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonate minerals could be changed to some extent, when limestones were subjected to hydrothermal processes or thermal alterations during metamorphism.

The isotopic values of barites display 32.40–38.30‰ for δ³⁴S and 12.20–14.70‰ for δ¹⁸O. The strontium isotope ratios (0.717169–0.718601) of barites and the sulfur isotope compositions of barites and pyrites suggest that there are no direct linkages of ore-forming compounds neither with a magmatic source nor with sedimentary pyrite formations in the Precambrian bituminous shales of the Attepe formation.

According to the field observations and the stable isotope data, siderites and ankerites should be formed by interaction between iron-rich hydrothermal fluids and Çaltepe limestones, whereas isotope ratios of barites indicate that they were formed by mixing of sulfur-rich meteoric waters and deeply circulated hydrothermal solutions.     

A field application for lime stabilization

This study presents the improvements achieved as a result of the lime stabilization application conducted by the joint effort of the Turkish Association of Lime Industrialists and the General Directorate of Rural Services on the 200 m long section of the Ankara Province Yukar? Yurtçu Village road where green and brown clays are dominant. The study also numerically demonstrates the impacts of these improvements on the road section based on the results of various laboratory and field tests. The lime stabilization in field conditions was performed with 5% lime for both clays and was applied as a 30 cm thick single layer. In the soaked California bearing-ratio (CBR) tests conducted in the laboratory, increases that reach up from 16 and 21 times compared to initial soaked CBR values were observed in green and brown clays, respectively, at the end of 28 days. The high increases observed in soaked CBR values would reduce the upper layer thickness of the roads. The similar improvements are also achieved in unconfined compression and plate loading tests. The comparisons performed with the plate loading tests clearly demonstrated the behavior of the surface to lime and its cure impact.     

Landslide susceptibility mapping using Bayesian approach in the Sultan Mountains (Akşehir,Turkey)

Landslides cause heavy damage to property and infrastructure, in addition to being responsible for the loss of human lives in many parts of the Turkey. The paper presents GIS-based spatial data analysis for landslide susceptibility mapping in the regions of the Sultan Mountains, West of Akşehir, and central part of Turkey. Landslides occur frequently in the area and seriously affect local living conditions. Therefore, spatial analysis of landslide susceptibility in the Sultan Mountains is important. The relationships between landslide distributions with the 19 landslide affecting parameters were analysed using a Bayesian model. In the study area, 90 landslides were observed. The landslides were randomly subdivided into 80 training landslides and 10 test landslides. A landslide susceptibility map was produced by using the training landslides. The test landslides were used in the accuracy control of the produced landslide susceptibility map. Approximately 9% of the study area was classified as high susceptibility zone. Medium, low and very low susceptibility zones covered 8, 23 and 60% of the study area, respectively. Most of the locations of the observed landslides actually fall into moderate (17.78%) and high (77.78. %) susceptibility zones of the produced landslide susceptibility map. This validates the applicability of proposed methods, approaches and the classification scheme. The high susceptibility zone is along both sides of the Akşehir Fault and at the north-eastern slope of the Sultan Mountains. It was determined that the surface area of the Harlak and Deresenek formations, which have attained lithological characteristics of clayey limestone with a broken and separated base, and where area landslides occur, possesses an elevation of 1,100–1,600 m, a slope gradient of 25°–35° and a slope aspect of 22.5°–157.5° facing slopes.     

Turbulence measurements in stratified and well-mixed estuarine flows

From mean velocities measured in estuarine flows it has been found that the velocity distributions are log-linear in stratified flows and logarithmic in well-mixed flows. The results of salinity measurements reveal that the mean salinity profiles are geometrically similar and expressible as a power law. The buoyancy parameters, such as the Monin-Obukhov length scale, the gradient and the flux Richardson numbers, are independent of the flow state. The gradient and the flux Richardson numbers are almost equal, indicating the existence of a local equilibrium layer. The non-dimensional parameter describing dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy is a constant of 0·2 and 0·3 for stratified and well-mixed flows respectively. In well-mixed flow the drag coefficient varies with time approaching a constant of about 3·2 × 10^?3 when the flow is stratified. The shape of the turbulent energy spectra are generally flatter and broader in stratified as compared with those of well-mixed flows.