地震预测研究中引入系统科学的几个问题的讨论

随着对复杂事物认识的不断深入，系统科学被引入地震科学研究中。本文 郑重讨论了浑沌论、协同学、耗散结构理论和突变论等理论在研究地震问题中的相互关系，并从认识论的角度探讨了一些问题，以期有益于有关研究。     

上海二次温室大棚区强尘卷风的成因分析

尘卷风是近地面气层中的小旋风,使沙尘或其他细小物体随风卷起而形成的一种天气现象。2011年10月27日11时10分和2015年9月13日11时12分发生于上海地区的两次强尘卷风天气过程(北京时,下同)均造成了不同程度的灾害。两次尘卷风均发生在温室大棚区,其下垫面性质和干旱区裸露地面和水泥沥青城市地面极不相同,因此了解其发生原因很有必要。本文利用常规天气图、温度对数压力图、100 m以下5层铁塔风和温度、微波辐射仪以及温室大棚基地自动气象站等资料对这两次尘卷风过程进行了分析。发现.在常规探空都未探测到明显的超绝热现象,但在铁塔观测的地表面层温度垂直廓线结合微波辐射仪及自动气象站等资料揭示了尘卷风发生时近地面气层都具备了超绝热条件。尘卷风发生前后10∶00—12∶00的10～70 m温度垂直递减率γ平均达1.58℃/100 m,极大值达2.33℃/100 m,为干绝热递减率的两倍还多。上海地区10座铁塔测风网获得的10、30、50、70 m近地层风场的旋转和辐合特征揭示了尘卷风旋转的角动量来源。通过分析500、700、850 hPa天气形势探讨了有利于发生尘卷风的大尺度环流条件为尘卷风预报提供参考。最后对这两次尘卷风发生在温室大棚区域而不是自然农田的机理提出了初步看法供进一步讨论。     

Cytochrome P4501A expression,chemical contaminants and histopathology in roach,goby and sturgeon and chemical contaminants in sediments from the Caspian Sea,Lake Balkhash and the Ily River Delta,Kazakhstan

Roach, goby and sturgeon were examined for cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) expression and histopathology, in relation to contaminant burdens in fish and sediment. Gradients of induction of CYP1A were observed. Roach from the Ural and Ily River Deltas and roach and goby from the two stations nearest the Caspian Sea oil fields displayed higher levels of CYP1A expression in several organs than was observed in fish from further offshore. Great sturgeon and Russian sturgeon showed higher levels of CYP1A expression than was seen in starred sturgeon and gobies in the Ural delta. No fish showed evidence of contaminant-related histopathologies in the organs examined, despite the elevated CYP1A levels. Low levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and elevated levels of inshore and riverine petroleum hydrocarbons from these habitats suggest that this ongoing hydrocarbon exposure, and that from natural sources and long-term oil exploration on the Northeastern Caspian shore, contributed to the CYP1A induction observed.     

多波束测深在海洋工程勘察中的应用

简述了多波束测深技术的基本原理，并结合几个典型的海上勘察工程实例，介绍了该技术在香港特别行政区海洋环境勘察环境、填海工程勘察等方面的应用成果以及工程勘察中的一些实践经验。     

Relationship between shell weight and cadmium content in whole digestive gland of the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay)

Seasonal and age-specific variations of cadmium (Cd) concentration in the digestive gland were investigated in the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, with different degrees of Cd pollution. The seasonal changes in Cd concentrations of the digestive gland were inversely proportional to the dry weight of the gland. Concentrations of Cd and total Cd content (mug Cd per organ) increased with age (age-specific) to the same extent in contaminated and uncontaminated areas. There was also a strong positive correlation between Cd content in the whole digestive gland and shell weight and it is proposed that this relationship can be used as a new criterion for comparative evaluation of Cd levels in scallops from different areas We hypothesize that Cd is uptaken into scallops in proportion to the amount of calcium that absorbed through ion channels, and in addition, Cd in the digestive gland is in immobile forms (e.g. metal-rich granules) that accumulate with age. Moderate environmental pollution has no effect on the relationship between Cd content and shell size and the observed decrease in growth performance of the scallops from polluted areas may be due to other factors.     

Discriminating zooplankton assemblages in neritic and oceanic waters: a case for the northeast coast of India, Bay of Bengal

Zooplankton species distribution and abundance data at 17 locations in the inshore (10-30 m), shelf (50-200 m) and oceanic (2,500-2,800 m) regions off northeast India (Bay of Bengal) during January 1999-April 2001 revealed 112 taxa represented by 30 divergent groups. Copepods (58 species) dominated (87%) the population numerically. In general zooplankton diversity (Margalef richness d, Shannon-Wiener H', Pielou's evenness J') increased in the direction of the open sea relative to coastal locations with a concomitant decrease both in abundance (ind m(-3)) and biomass (dry mass m(-3)). Based on multivariate analyses, it was possible to distinguish the zooplankton community into different assemblages according to their location (e.g., inshore, shelf, oceanic) and seasonality. While Acrocalanus sp., Oithona sp., Corycaeus danae, Euterpina acutifrons, Paracalanus sp., and Acartia sp. were found characterizing the coastal locations, Oncaea venusta was the discriminating species for shelf waters. In oceanic areas, there was a clear dominance of Labidocera sp., Candacia sp., Euchaeta rimana, Centropages calaninus, Copilia mirabilis and Corycella gibbula. The investigations revealed that changes in zooplankton community structure across water bodies could be associated with differing salinity. During November 1999 (post-monsoon), when salinity in the coastal waters was relatively low (26-28.9 PSU), the zooplankton community consisted of mainly Acrocalanus sp., Salpa, Corycaeus danae, Oikopleura sp., Acartia sp., Evadne tergestina, and Creseis sp. In January 2000 (salinity 32.4-34.1), additionally Corycella gibbula, Labidocera sp., Centropages sp., Microsetella sp., Euterpina acutifrons, Canthocalanus pauper, and Oncaea venusta represented the population discriminating the assemblage from others. In May 2000 (pre-monsoon) when salinity was highest (34.7-35.3), Oithona sp., Paracalanus sp., and Acrocalanus gibber were found important. Chaetognaths formed a distinct group during this period. Results presented during this investigation are considered significant since no previous studies exist for this locale drawing comparisons of the kind made during this study between coastal and oceanic situations.     

青藏高原措勤盆地大地电磁测量初步结果

配合青藏高原油气资源战略选区调查与评价工作,在西藏地区措勤盆地开展了大地电磁测深工作。根据测量结果对盆地边界、基底埋深和盆地基本构造格架给出了初步解释;提出了措勤盆地应按中生代和古生代盆地分别进行评价的新认识;指出班公湖~怒江缝合带南界断裂为一由北向南的逆冲推覆带,其下可能有较新时代的沉积地层。测量结果对认识措勤盆地结构构造,盆地油气资源潜力评价提供了有意义的依据。