A coupled soil-atmosphere model of H2O2 on Mars

The Viking Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer failed to detect organic compounds on Mars, and both the Viking Labeled Release and the Viking Gas Exchange experiments indicated a reactive soil surface. These results have led to the widespread belief that there are oxidants in the martian soil. Since H2O2 is produced by photochemical processes in the atmosphere of Mars, and has been shown in the laboratory to reproduce closely the Viking LR results, it is a likely candidate for a martian soil oxidant. Here, we report on the results of a coupled soil/atmosphere transport model for H2O2 on Mars. Upon diffusing into the soil, its concentration is determined by the extent to which it is adsorbed and by the rate at which it is catalytically destroyed. An analytical model for calculating the distribution of H2O2 in the martian atmosphere and soil is developed. The concentration of H2O2 in the soil is shown to go to zero at a finite depth, a consequence of the nonlinear soil diffusion equation. The model is parameterized in terms of an unknown quantity, the lifetime of H2O2 against heterogeneous catalytic destruction in the soil. Calculated concentrations are compared with a H2O2 concentration of 30 nmoles/cm3, inferred from the Viking Labeled Release experiment. A significant result of this model is that for a wide range of H2O2 lifetimes (up to 10(5) years), the extinction depth was found to be less than 3 m. The maximum possible concentration in the top 4 cm is calculated to be approximately 240 nmoles/cm3, achieved with lifetimes of greater than 1000 years. Concentrations higher than 30 nmoles/cm3 require lifetimes of greater than 4.3 terrestrial years. For a wide range of H2O2 lifetimes, it was found that the atmospheric concentration is only weakly coupled with soil loss processes. Losses to the soil become significant only when lifetimes are less than a few hours. If there are depths below which H2O2 is not transported, it is plausible that organic compounds, protected from an oxidizing environment, may still exist. They would have been deposited by meteors, or be the organic remains of past life.     

地面摄影测量在变形监测中的精度分析

阐述了地面摄影测量中影响精度的主要因素并作了分析讨论,从实际出发,就如何提高地面摄影测量的精度提出了可行措施,对研究地面摄影测量在变形监测中的应用具有指导作用。     

Vitellogenin in the blood plasma of male cod (Gadus morhua): a sign of oestrogenic endocrine disruption in the open sea?

An ELISA for cod vitellogenin (VTG) has been set up using cod lipovitellin for plate coating and standardisation. The assay has been applied to plasma samples collected from male and female cod caught in three distinct areas around the UK, three areas off the Norwegian coast and also to cod reared initially at an aquaculture site and subsequently maintained at a research station. The aim of the study was to determine whether there were any signs of oestrogenic endocrine disruption in a fish species living offshore. VTG induction was found in male cod caught in the North Sea, the Shetland Box area, in Oslofjord and also in cultivated fish. There was a strong relationship between concentrations of VTG and fish size. There was no evidence that the presence of VTG in the plasma of males is a natural part of their life cycle. On the other hand, the size of fish at which these elevated VTG concentrations appear (ca. 5 kg) is about the size that cod change from feeding primarily on benthic invertebrates to mainly other fish, both benthic and pelagic. The possibility is suggested that large cod pick up oestrogenic endocrine disrupters through the food chain.     

历史飘香锡惠山

《汉书·地理志》记载,“有锡兵,天下争;无锡宁,天下平”的美丽传说,无锡地名大概滥觞于此。说起无锡的名胜景区,人们往往立即会想到灵山和鼋头渚。灵山景区有“中国佛教文化博览园”的美称,鼋头渚景区则有“太湖佳绝处,毕竟在鼋头”的美誉,都称得上是无锡响当当的旅游名片。但要说人文历史风景,则应首推被誉为“无锡露天历史博物馆”的锡惠景区。     

Hydrocarbon composition and distribution in a coastal region under influence of oil production in northeast Brazil

Waters and sediments from the Potiguar Basin (NE Brazilian coast) were investigated for the presence and nature of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The region receives treated produced waters through a submarine outfall system serving the industrial district. The total dispersed/dissolved concentrations in the water column ranged from 10-50 ng L⁻¹ for ∑16PAH and 5-10 μg L⁻¹ for total aliphatic hydrocarbons. In the sediments, hydrocarbon concentrations were low (0.5-10 ng g⁻¹for ∑16PAH and 0.01-5.0 μg g⁻¹ for total aliphatic hydrocarbons) and were consistent with the low organic carbon content of the local sandy sediments. These data indicate little and/or absence of anthropogenic influence on hydrocarbon distribution in water and sediment. Therefore, the measured values may be taken as background values for the region and can be used as future reference following new developments of the petroleum industry in the Potiguar Basin.     

三氯乙烯污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数研究

复电阻率法(complex resistivity, CR)由于其对孔隙水化学性质、固-液界面和流体含量的敏感性已成为具有良好前景的污染物识别工具。本研究选取三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene, TCE)作为典型有机污染物,利用频谱激电仪对TCE污染土壤进行了复电阻率测量,讨论孔隙水盐度、水饱和度和土壤类型对污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数影响。试验结果表明:污染土样的复电阻率均随水饱和度的降低和孔隙水盐度的减小而增大;土壤黏土含量影响孔隙水连续性,当孔隙水出现不连续状态时,实部和虚部出现大幅度变化。总充电率M随着孔隙水盐度的增加而增加,随水饱和度的降低先减后增。黏土颗粒重排导致的比表面积减小使得总充电率M减小,双电层极化加强使总充电率M升高;平均弛豫时间常数随孔隙水盐度的升高而降低,二者呈对数相关,随水饱和度变化的主要原因为可极化孔隙尺寸的变化。本研究探讨了地球物理参数与水文地质参数间的关系,为SIP方法在实际有机污染场地调查与评估提供了理论依据。     

寒区大坝心墙土料冬季冻融与防控监测

两河口水电站是雅砻江干流规划开发中的中游控制性龙头电站,大坝为300米级砾石土心墙堆石坝。由于地处川西高原气候区,冬季气候寒冷干燥,大坝心墙土料填筑过程中面临着冻融问题的困扰。基于一个完整冬季的现场监测,系统分析了这一寒区大坝心墙建筑过程中砾石土、接触黏土土料温度变化规律、冻融特征与影响因素以及现有保温措施防冻效果。结果表明,无保温措施条件下,砾石土、接触黏土均出现了负温冻结现象,其中砾石土最大冻结深度达20 cm,接触黏土达14 cm,土料冻结持续时间不超过1个昼夜,为短时冻土。土料降温冻结过程以与外界大气对流换热过程为主,受气温、风速条件影响显著,波动范围较大,而升温融化过程以太阳辐射增温过程为主,与有效辐射起始时间密切相关,因此波动范围较小。监测期内,采用三布两膜保温材料覆盖可有效防止心墙土料冻结的发生,有、无保温材料覆盖条件下浅层土料最低温度可相差约5℃。结合监测结果和现场实际,建议将现有心墙防渗土料半幅填筑方式转换为全幅填筑,并研发轻质、憎水保温材料及其快速收放机械设备,以提高填筑作业进度、强化防冻效果。系统完整的现场实测结果,可为未来寒区水电大坝建设提供基础数据和参考。