方正断陷新生代结构构造及其演化分析

以方正断陷二维、三维地震资料和钻井资料为基础,追踪和闭合了盆内重要的新生代构造层序界面。富锦组底界面为区域性裂后不整合界面,将盆地的演化阶段划分为裂陷期和裂后期。在裂陷期的充填序列中,宝泉岭组底界面为盆内易于识别的区域性角度不整合界面,该界面将盆地的裂陷期进一步划分为裂陷Ⅰ幕和裂陷Ⅱ幕。本文通过对盆地结构构造及不同时期厚度特征的分析,重建了盆地的形成演化过程。研究结果表明,裂陷Ⅰ幕构造活动受NW-SE向的正向伸展应力控制,发育的E1w-E2d地层充填在简单地堑盆地中;裂陷Ⅱ幕的E3b时期以近SN向斜向伸展作用下形成的断阶式地堑结构为特征,盆地沉积-沉降中心位于盆内伊汉通断裂下降盘,且具有从北向南迁移的趋势。裂后期N1f时期以热沉降为主,并伴随有右旋走滑作用。另外,盆地的形成演化经历了三期反转改造过程,分别对应始新世晚期、渐新世晚期和上新世晚期。结合周缘板块的运动学重组事件,认为太平洋板块西侧俯冲方式的变化和印度-欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应联合控制了方正断陷新生代的形成演化过程。     

Use of fluorescein as a ground water tracer in brackish water aquifers

A drift and pumpback experiment was conducted in a brackish water sandfill. The sandfill was reclaimed from the sea in the eastern part of Singapore and contains sands with low organic and clay/silt contents. The high salinity in the ground water precludes the use of chloride and bromide as tracers in such an environment, and a field experiment was conducted to assess the viability of using fluorescein as a tracer in brackish water aquifers. Nitrate was used as a second tracer to serve as a check. Initial laboratory studies showed that fluorescence was unaffected over the range of electrical conductivity and pH of the ground water. Results from the field experiment show that fluorescein appears to behave conservatively.     

Can dynamite-blasted reefs recover? A novel, low-tech approach to stimulating natural recovery in fish and coral populations

Throughout Southeast Asia, blast fishing creates persistent rubble fields with low coral cover and depauperate fish communities. We stabilized a 20-year-old rubble field in a Marine Protected Area in the Philippines, using plastic mesh and rock piles in replicated 17.5m(2) plots, thereby increasing topographic complexity, fish habitat, and recruitment substrate surface area. Multivariate analysis revealed fish community shifts within the rehabilitated area from that characteristic of rubble fields to one similar to the adjacent healthy reef within three years, as measured by changes in fish abundance and body size. Coral recruitment and percent cover increased over time, with 63.5% recruit survivorship within plots, compared with 6% on rubble. Our low-cost approach created a stable substrate favoring natural recovery processes. Both rehabilitation and the elimination of poaching were integral to success, emphasizing the synergism between the two and the need to incorporate both when considering mitigation.     

Macrobenthic community for assessment of estuarine health in tropical areas (Northeast, Brazil): Review of macrofauna classification in ecological groups and application of AZTI Marine Biotic Index

The aim of the present study was to investigate the ecological quality of tropical estuaries on the northeastern coast of Brazil using the AMBI. Macrofauna classification based on ecological groups was reviewed using the Indicator Value (IndVal) coefficient. The results indicate that the ecosystems exhibit some level of disturbance. Most sites are situated between slightly-moderately disturbed boundaries due to the higher proportion of Nematoda (assigned here as Ecological Group I) and of Oligochaeta and Tubificidae (both classified as Ecological Group V). The AMBI proved efficient in evaluating environmental status, although the applicability of this index requires adjustments regarding some species in ecological groups. The present study also highlights the merits of the IndVal method for examining the assignments of species/taxa to an ecological group and demonstrates the validity of this coefficient is an assessment tool. Moreover, the complementary use of different methods is recommended for the assessment of ecosystem quality.     

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines conjures up images of a yachting haven and a quiet tourists' paradise. The conflicting demands of a growing population, a middle-income economy dominated by fishing, plantation agriculture and tourism, and environmental and social concerns, all contribute to marine stress on the limited, precious, but internationally important resources. While the vision exists to manage effectively coastal and offshore resources, the institutional, financial and social capital to achieve that vision is limited. Development of the fledgling partnerships between local communities, national governmental structures and the international research, government and donor organisations seems the best hope to conserve the environment and coastal livelihoods of the islands.     

《地球化学勘查技术符号》修订内容初步探讨

《地球化学勘查技术符号》(GB/T 14839—1993)是20世纪90年代初制定的国家标准,共收录符号101个。2019年开始对其开展修订工作,确定的修订原则如下:①继承原有符号原则——尽量保持原标准内容的稳定性和延续性;②新增符号选择应符合专业习惯原则——尽可能选择目前地球化学勘查中已经广泛使用、获得大部分同行认可的符号;③与地球化学勘查技术专业领域发展相匹配原则——修订后的“地球化学勘查符号”应全面覆盖当前地球化学勘查的所有领域;④以常用地球化学符号为主原则——以常用地球化学符号为收录范围。根据以上原则,新增了生态地球化学调查评价类专用技术符号,扩充了地球化学勘查通用技术符号和矿产地球化学勘查亚类、地球化学样品测试亚类等专用技术符号。修订后的《地球化学勘查技术符号》增至173个,按照使用广度划分为通用和专用地球化学符号两大类,其中专用地球化学符号依据应用领域进一步细分为矿产勘查、生态环境调查评价和样品测试地球化学技术符号3个亚类,涵盖范围与当前地球化学勘查技术应用领域相匹配。     

新特提斯洋的打开时间和机制:雅江缝合带混杂岩的约束

新特提斯洋的长期演化至最终闭合是地球中生代以来最重要的地质事件之一,但目前对该大洋的完整演化历史尚缺乏有效约束,特别是大洋的打开时间存在二叠纪和三叠纪的主要争议,大洋的打开机制是否存在地幔柱效应.本文聚焦西藏南部雅鲁藏布江缝合带的混杂岩,通过厘定混杂岩中的基性岩岩块的形成时代和成因,约束雅江新特提斯洋的打开时间和潜在动力机制.野外地质特征指示雅江混杂岩具有分段性,即西段(仲巴以西)和东段(桑桑-仁布)为大洋板块地层岩石组合,代表新特提斯洋俯冲在亚洲大陆南缘形成的增生杂岩;中段(仲巴-萨嘎东)普遍具有泥砂质成分,为构造混杂至亚洲大陆南缘的特提斯喜马拉雅地层.根据本文地球化学研究和前人资料,雅江混杂岩中的基性岩岩块普遍具有洋岛玄武岩型地球化学特征,形成时代包括晚二叠世-中三叠世、中-晚侏罗世、早白垩世三期.本文在西段仲巴混杂岩中厘定了约253Ma的洋岛型玄武岩岩块,为目前雅江缝合带报道的与新特提斯洋演化相关的最古老洋岛型基性岩.地球化学特征指示,该玄武岩不同于典型的大洋板块内部洋岛玄武岩,可能形成于大陆岩石圈张裂至海底扩张初期.根据板块离散-汇聚耦合体系运行原理,结合前人报道的中三叠世早期...     

A critical review of approaches to aquatic environmental assessment

As demands on aquatic resources increase, there is a growing need to monitor and assess their condition. This paper reviews a variety of aquatic environmental assessments, at local, national, international and global scales and finds confusion in the terminology used to describe assessments. In particular the terms 'ecosystem' and 'integrated' are often misused resulting in lack of clarity. Therefore, definitions of some assessment terminology are suggested, consolidating existing proposals and simplifying future applications. A conclusion from the review is that a new classification system is required. The categorisation system proposed builds on preliminary work of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Assessment classification is based on the environmental components considered, methodologies and nature of the linkages between components, and the inclusion or exclusion of socio-economic factors. The assessment terminology and categorisation system provided could in future simplify the way that assessments are defined and used to inform development of management strategies.