地磁测量卫星

地磁测量卫星是地磁测量的重要工具,它相对于一般地磁测量仪器具有覆盖面广、精度高、实时采集和处理等特点.本文按照发射时间,介绍了早期的POGO、Magsat等磁测卫星,并重点介绍了现仍在使用的Oersted卫星和CHAMP卫星,以及2012年将要发射的Swarm卫星.同时阐述了这些卫星的结构、工作原理和主要的磁测仪器,最后介绍了卫星资料在各领域的应用.     

松嫩平原湿地分布变化与影响因素分析

近20年来松嫩平原生态环境发生了巨大变化,湿地退化加剧是生态环境变化的重要表现之一.利用1986年（TM）和2001年（ETM）卫星遥感影像数据和RS-GIS集成技术,对松嫩平原湿地的现状和变化趋势进行了量化分析.结果表明,在过去的15年中,松嫩平原湿地面积减少了658 042 hm²,减少了38.81%.平均每年减少43 869 hm²,年均减少速率2.59%.其中地表水体减少127 429 hm²,减少了22.81%;沼泽减少530 612 hm²,减少了46.67%.降水减少,蒸发加大,水资源开发过大以及过度放牧、围垦湿地是湿地退化的主要原因.     

FAULT ACTIVITY OF THE SOUTHWESTERN SEGMENT OF THE EASTERN BRANCH OF XINYI-LIANJIANG FAULT ZONE IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

The NE-trending Xinyi-Lianjiang fault zone is a tectonic belt, located in the interior of the Yunkai uplift in the west of Guangdong Province, clamping the Lianjiang synclinorium and consisting of the eastern branch and the western branch. The southwestern segment of the eastern branch of Xinyi-Lianjiang fault zone, about 34km long, extends from the north of Guanqiao, through Lianjiang, to the north of Hengshan. However, it is still unclear about whether the segment extends to Jiuzhoujiang alluvial plain or not, which is in the southwest of Hengshan. If it does, what is about its fault activity? According to ‘Catalogue of the Modern Earthquakes of China’, two moderately strong earthquakes with magnitude 6.0 and 6.5 struck the Lianjiang region in 1605 AD. So it is necessary to acquire the knowledge about the activity of the segment fault, which is probably the corresponding seismogenic structure of the two destructive earthquakes. And the study on the fault activity of the segment can boost the research on seismotectonics of moderately strong earthquakes in Southeast China. In order to obtain the understanding of the existence of the buried fault of the southwestern segment, shallow seismic exploration profiles and composite borehole sections have been conducted. The results indicate its existence. Two shallow seismic exploration profiles show that buried depth of the upper breakpoints and vertical throw of the buried fault are 60m and 4~7m(L5-1 and L5-2 segment, the Hengshan section), 85m and 5~8m(L5-3 segment), 73m and 3~5m(Tiantouzai section), respectively and all of them suggest the buried fault has offset the base of the Quaternary strata. Two composite borehole sections reveal that the depth of the upper breakpoints and vertical throws of the buried segment are about 66m and 7.5m(Hengshan section) and 75m and 5m(Tiantouzai section), respectively. The drilling geological section in Hengshan reveals that the width of the fault could be up to 27m. Chronology data of Quaternary strata in the two drilling sections, obtained by means of electron spin resonance(ESR), suggest that the latest activity age of the buried fault of the southwestern segment is from late of early Pleistocene(Tiantouzai section) to early stage of middle Pleistocene(Hengshan section). Slip rates, obtained by Hengshan section and Tiantouzai section, are 0.1mm/a and 0.013mm/a, respectively. As shown by the fault profile located in a bedrock exposed region in Shajing, there are at least two stages of fault gouge and near-horizontal striation on the fault surface, indicating that the latest activity of the southwestern segment is characterized by strike-slip movement. Chronology data suggest that the age of the gouge formed in the later stage is(348±49) ka.     

PRE-ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LOSSES BASED ON FIELD SURVEY AND KILOMETER GRID DATASET: A CASE STUDY FROM DEHONG DAI-JINGPO AUTONOMOUS PREFECTURE

The pre-assessment of earthquake damage based on field surveys and grid dataset in 1km resolution is very helpful for emergency preparedness and mitigation of earthquake disaster losses.In this paper,we briefly introduced the contents,principles,methods and the results of software assessment as well as the revised results after field surveys.In addition,the emergency supplies and manpower requirements after the outbreak of earthquake are discussed.The assessment contents include the earthquake affected area and population,the amount of casualties,injuries,economic losses,and the number of population to be resettled.Scenario earthquake is set with an interval of 50 kilometers along the major faults and the losses induced by earthquake are outputted by the software.After that,the software outputs are revised based on field surveys.In addition,according to the earthquake cases happening between 2008 and 2015,the growth curve model used to estimate the demand of rescue supplies and teams is also proposed in this study.Based on this model and the software named earthquake emergency disaster rapid assessment and dynamic visualized software (NIE Gao-zhong,2014),and with the help of the statistical data such as population density and socio-economic situations,earthquake losses are pre-assessed by taking Dehong Dai-Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture as an example.The comparison shows that the actual losses are nearly the same as the software outputs.However,due to the ignorance of the casualties caused by geological disasters,the revised casualties are more than the software output.Not only the study area discussed in this paper,the earthquake loss assessment method can also be used to other regions in China.     

DEVELOPMENT OF EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY DISASTER INFORMATION PRE-EVALUATION DATA BASED ON KM GRID

After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue is one of the effective ways to reduce casualties from the earthquake. Earthquake emergency disaster information is one of crucial factors to effectively guide the rescue work. However, there is a "black box effect" on the emergency disaster information acquisition after an earthquake, which means real-time earthquake disaster information is insufficient. Hazard estimates are usually used as a substitute for the real-time disaster information in the "black box" period. However, it is subject to the accuracy and speed of the estimation. The development of the km grid technology provides good prospect to solve this problem. The paper suggests to develop earthquake disaster information pre-estimation data with the support of the km grid technology. The definition and source of the pre-estimation data are introduced and its possibility in improving the estimation speed and accuracy are analyzed theoretically. Then, we elaborate the calculation model of the pre-estimation data. The framework of the model includes disaster-bearing body data, disaster-causing factors used in calculation and calculation formula. The disaster-bearing body data in km grid format are introduced, including population data in km grid format and building data in km grid format. Then the four elements of the earthquake(earthquake occurrence time, earthquake location, earthquake magnitude and focal depth)are selected as disaster-causing factors for calculation. Map algebra method is used to realize the calculation model in which calculation parameters are associated with base map in the km grid format. So the pre-estimation data are developed by python and ArcGIS, which includes building damage dataset(100 layers), death toll dataset(10 layers)and direct economic loss dataset(5 layers). Finally, the pre-estimation data based method for earthquake emergency disaster information estimation is presented. With the support of this method, two real earthquake cases are used to validate the effect of the pre-estimation data. The validation results show the pre-estimation data can not only significantly improve the speed of the estimation but also greatly improve the accuracy of the estimation. Another good result is found in the validation process that with the support of the pre-estimation data, the estimated result can display the spatial distribution of the disaster information, which will effectively aid earthquake emergency response and rescues.     

西南地区石漠化分布、演变特征及影响因素

根据中国西南岩溶区1999—2008年石漠化遥感调查结果,研究了该区石漠化发生现状和近十年间石漠化在区域、岩性、地貌及区域经济等方面的演变特征,并对发生石漠化的影响因素进行分析。结果显示,石漠化集中分布在滇、黔、桂三省区;石漠化的发生与岩性和地貌密切相关,其中纯碳酸盐岩中石漠化发生率高于杂碳酸盐岩,并随灰岩或碳酸盐岩含量减少而降低,而地形高差相对大的峰丛洼地、峰林洼地石漠化发生率最高,并随地貌相对高差变小而降低。石漠化发生程度与岩性、地貌关系表现多样,纯碳酸盐岩中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,杂碳酸盐岩中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化比例;在峰林洼地、峰林/缓丘平原中轻度石漠化比例高于中度和重度石漠化之和的比例,缓丘台地和丘陵谷地中中度和重度石漠化之和的比例高于轻度石漠化,是岩溶构造演化与人类活动共同制约的结果。从1999年到2008年间,该区石漠化已经呈现转轻趋势,主要表现在总面积减少,石漠化程度减轻;石漠化演变过程中发生在不同岩性和地貌中改善或恶化发生率的变化趋势与上述石漠化的发生规律相似。石漠化还不同程度地影响居民的生活水平,调查显示,严重石漠化县域内石漠化面积与农民人均纯收入、人均生产总值等呈负相关,县域内石漠化面积是影响农民人均纯收入,乃至人均生产总值最重要的因素。因此,石漠化调查结果显示,研究区石漠化呈向好趋势,但是治理难点依然存在。     

秦岭造山带中段重磁异常与成矿带的关系

成矿带的展布受地质构造的控制,而地质构造在重磁异常上有明显反映。为了研究秦岭造山带中段重磁异常与成矿 带的关系,该文系统整理、处理了秦岭造山带中段已获得的重磁力测量资料,分析研究了重磁异常的展布特征、推断了研 究区的断裂构造,讨论了结晶基底的起伏特征,并结合区域地质资料及矿床分布资料讨论了重磁场特征及其与地质构造、 成矿带的关系。结果表明,秦岭造山带中段成矿带均分布在重、磁异常梯度带上或几组不同方向异常的交汇部位,尤其在 局部重力高异常范围内及其边部梯度带上矿体富集。这一结果为研究秦岭造山带的地质演化、地质构造（尤其是深部构 造）、断裂分布及下一步的成矿有利区预测提供重要的参考信息。     

测站间高差对短时段GPS基线解算的影响

基于美国CORS网数据,分别选取平均基线长度和站间高差均不相同的6个GPS实验网,使用GAMIT/GLOBK软件,从基线较差、基线重复性、NRMS值以及解算中误差等方面分析站间高差对短时段（4 h）GPS基线解算的影响及削弱这些影响的方法。结果得出,当测站间高差大于100 m时,如果不估计对流层参数,即使是短基线也会使解算基线在高程方向的偏差达到1 cm,而对平面分量影响很小。此时,必须通过估计天顶方向的对流层参数来削弱其影响,才能保证最终解算的基线结果在高程方向的误差小于1 cm。     

邹家山铀矿床流体包裹体研究

对相山铀矿田西部的邹家山矿床矿石中的萤石进行了系统的流体包裹体研究,结果表明取自邹家山矿床-130m和206m标高样品流体包裹体的均-温度平均值分别为266．1℃和159．9℃,盐度平均值分别为11．61wt％和13．16wt％,密度平均值分别为0．88g／cm^3和1．00g／cm^3。流体包裹体均-温度与盐度之间的关系呈抛物线型,密度与均-温度呈明显的负相关关系,而密度与盐度成正相关关系。计算获得邹家山矿床-130m和206m标高铀的平均成矿深度分别是553m和65m,表明矿床形成后遭受一定程度的剥蚀,其剥蚀深度大约在65～150m。     

张掖盆地水文地质特征与稳定同位素研究

论述了张掖盆地地下水赋存分布特征与地下水补给、径流、排泄条件,利用水化学、同位素调查的方法,重点对张掖甘州平原区地下水水化学类型及其演化过程进行了研究。结果表明：张掖盆地由源于南部祁连山和北部龙首山的水系沉积物组成,其冲洪积平原规模、含水层富水性、导水性与地下水水化学特征等方面存在差异;同时地下水稳定同住素特征分析印证了水文地质条件的差异。祁连山前沉积物与龙首山前沉积物中地下水有着不同的补给来源和径流路径。浅层地下水和龙首山前深层承压水主要补给源为大气降水和山区河流入渗补给,祁连山前深层承压地下水系统可能有冰雪融水补给。