四川东部和重庆西部一次MCC致洪暴雨过程综合分析

利用卫星云图、多普勒雷达资料和高空风等多种资料,对2007年7月17日四川东部和重庆西部由中尺度对流复合体(M CC)引发的致洪暴雨过程进行大尺度环境场和物理量的诊断分析。结果表明:M CC是造成暴雨的直接影响系统;M CC发生在200 hPa从西安至云南气流呈扇形分支而产生的强辐散区域内;在多普勒雷达径向速度图上,整个M CC致洪暴雨过程经历了4次从新生的γ中尺度径向辐合向γ中尺度气旋式辐合发展的过程,γ中尺度径向辐合和γ中尺度气旋式辐合是造成M CC致洪暴雨强降水中心的直接影响系统;回波顶高也揭示了M CC中γ中尺度强对流单体的发展;对流层中低层的正涡度平流、来自400~250 hPa的"干侵入"以及倾斜涡度的发展,对于M CC的生成、发展和维持也起着重要作用。     

既有路基下浅埋隧道开挖引起地层的位移及应力解析解

在既有公路下进行浅埋隧道开挖会引起地层产生位移,导致地表沉降。为了保证施工安全,快速精确地计算地层位移及应力,有效地控制地表沉降,对浅埋隧道的设计与施工均十分重要。在镜像法原理的基础上,引入等效模量当层法,推导出了在有上覆不同材料下浅埋圆形隧道开挖引起地层位移、应力及地表沉降的解析分布规律。计算结果表明,既有路基下开挖隧道引起地层产生的位移和应力解析解能够很好地体现上层高弹性模量路基对沉降及应力的扩散作用,可以求得隧道开挖后洞周地层包括上覆路基及下卧层中任意位置处的位移、应力以及地表沉降,为在双层地基材料中开挖浅埋隧道引起地层位移及地表沉降的计算提供了一种新的解析方法。     

Mineralogical and chemical transformation of Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatites, Tanzania

The minerals of Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite lavas are unstable under atmospheric conditions. Subsolidus mineral assemblages in natrocarbonatites were studied in 105 samples from contemporary eruptions ranging from present day to about 100 years old. The subsolidus minerals in natrocarbonatites were formed (i) along cracks on the lava surface from hot gases escaping during cooling, (ii) as atmospheric alteration by solution of water-soluble minerals, in particular halides and gregoryite, and by hydration of nyerereite under the influence of meteoric water and (iii) by reaction with fumarole gases. After solidification, the lavas were cut by a network of thin cracks, the edges of which are covered by polymineralic encrustations. Samples collected 2–24 h after eruption contain nahcolite, trona, sylvite, and halite with accessory kalicinite and villiaumite. Atmospheric humidity results immediately (≥ 2 h after eruption) in alteration of black lavas that is marked by the appearance of white powdery thermonatrite with nahcolite on the lava surface. Subsequent reaction (weeks, months, years) of natrocarbonatite with meteoric water and the atmosphere results in the formation of pirssonite, gaylussite, shortite, trona, thermonatrite, nahcolite and calcite. Generally, the first important step is the formation of pirssonite and the end-members are calcite carbonate rocks or loose aggregates. Fumarolic activity is common for the active northern crater of the volcano. Reaction of hot (54–141 °C) fumarolic gases with natrocarbonatite leads to the formation of sulphur, gypsum, calcite, anhydrite, monohydrocalcite, barite and celestine. Changes in mineralogy of the natrocarbonatite lead to substantial chemical transformation. The most obvious chemical changes in this process are the loss of Na, K, Cl and S, combined with an increase in H₂O, Ca, Sr, Ba, F and Mn. The oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of altered natrocarbonatites shows a significant shift from the primary “Lengai Box” to high values of δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C. Calcite exhibits δ¹³C values between − 2‰ and − 4‰ PDB and δ¹⁸O values of + 23‰ to + 26‰ SMOW. The observed assemblages of secondary minerals formed by reaction with atmosphere and meteoric water, the changes in chemical composition of the natrocarbonatite and field observations suggest that alteration of natrocarbonatite is an open-system low-temperature process. It takes place at temperatures between 8 and 43 °C with the addition of H₂O to the system and the removal of Na, K, Cl and S from the carbonatites. Low-temperature thermodynamic models developed for alkali carbonate systems can be used for the interpretation of Oldoinyo Lengai subsolidus mineralization.     

对横断山区地槽多旋回发展的初步认识

<正> 自黄汲清教授于1945年首次提出地槽褶皱系的多旋回发展概念以来,得到了国内外地质工作者的广泛引用。他指出我国多数地槽褶皱系都具有多旋回发展的特点。经过对天山、祁连山、秦岭等地槽褶皱系的深入研究、对比之后,初步建立了多旋回发展的模式。现以横断山区地槽为例来讨论该褶皱带中的多旋回发展特点。 横断山区位于青、藏、川、滇四省、区交接地带,其地质构造位置,正处在特提斯—喜马拉雅构造域东段拐弯部位,恰是欧亚板块与印度板块的拼合地带。根据作者在“三江地质志”构造组最近总结的资料,可把横断山区的构造单元划分如下(图1):     

Rare metal mineralization of calcite carbonatites from the Cape Verde Archipelago

Rare metal mineralization of oceanic carbonatites was studied for the first time by the example of calcite carbonatite from Fogo Island in the Cape Verde Archipelago. The following evolutionary sequence of rare metal minerals was established: zirconolite-Th-calciobetafite-betafite + Th-pyrochlore-thorite + Ti-Zr-Nb silicates + zircon.Schematic reactions were proposed for zirconolite transformation to secondary phases: (Ca,Th,U)Zr(Ti,Nb)₂O₇ (zirconolite) + SiO₂ + Ca(F,OH)₂ → ZrSiO₄ (zircon) + (Ca,Th,U)₂(Ti,Nb)₂O₆(OH,F) (Th-calciobetafite) and (Ca,Th,U)₂(Ti,Nb)₂O₆(OH,F) + Na₂Si₂O₅ → ThSiO₄ (thorite) + (Ca,Na,Th)₂(Nb,Ti)₂O₆(OH,F) (Th-pyrochlore), where SiO₂, Ca(F,OH)₂, and Na₂Si₂O₅ are the components of melt-solution coexisting with the carbonatite.It was shown that the distribution and behavior of rare and radioactive elements in oceanic carbonatites show the same tendencies as in continental carbonatites. The contents and distribution of Ti, Ta, and Th in zirconolites and pyrochlores from oceanic and continental carbonatites are different: the minerals of oceanic carbonatites are enriched in Ti and Th and strongly depleted in Ta.     

冶炼废渣综合回收铀、铌、钽和锡

根据某冶炼尾渣的成分和矿物特性,研究了铀、铌、钽和锡的回收工艺。开发出酸浸提铀-重选抛尾-弱磁选回收铌、钽一强磁选除铁回收锡的联合工艺流程。铀浸出率大于80％;铌、钽品位大于31％,回收率大于80％;锡精矿品位大于62％,回收率大于65％,锡精矿经放射性去污后,其放射性水平基本符合有色冶金行业标准。     

从构造热事件探讨湖南志留纪沉积时限兼论盆地演化特征

湖南地区志留纪的沉积时限一直以来争议颇多,笔者通过对该区沉积特征及层序地层、构造运动分析发现:小溪峪组属于一套有障壁海岸浅海细碎屑沉积,是海水由南东向北西退却期的沉积响应,属于早期高水位体系域;泥盆系云台观组属一套海侵型的海相陆源碎屑岩沉积,从野外的界面特征分析云台观组为一套开阔海岸受波浪作用明显的以石英砂为主体的沉积物,属于广西运动之后由东南向北西形成的海侵过程的沉积响应。小溪峪组与云台观组二者所属沉积盆地环境和演化不同,其界面属于Ⅰ型层序界面,不整合接触。广西运动导致的江南造山带的隆起在430Ma左右结束,志留纪沉积盆地应大部分消亡,由此认为志留纪沉积盆地接受的沉积物时间也应在相对应时段中,小溪峪组在湖南地区不存在晚志留纪沉积物。     

Thermodynamic Analysis of Secondary Minerals Stability in Altered Carbonatites of the Oldoinyo Lengai Volcano,Northern Tanzania

Carbonatites from the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, northern Tanzania, are unstable under normal atmospheric conditions. Owing to carbonatite interaction with water, the major minerals—gregoryite Na₂(CO₃), nyerereite Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂, and sylvite KCl—are dissolved and replaced with secondary low-temperature minerals: thermonatrite Na₂(CO₃) · H₂O, trona Na₃(CO₃)(HCO₃) · 2H₂O, nahcolite Na(HCO₃), pirssonite Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂ · 2H₂O, calcite Ca(CO₃), and shortite Na₂Ca₂(CO₃)₃. Thermodynamic calculations show that the formation of secondary minerals in Oldoinyo Lengai carbonatites are controlled by the pH of the pore solution, H₂O and CO₂ fugacity, and the ratio of Ca and Na activity in the Na₂O–CaO–CO₂–H₂O system.     

山西省云义隐伏铝土矿综合勘查技术应用

铝土矿是山西省的优势矿种之一,保有资源储量居全国之首.然而浅部的铝土矿勘查殆尽,后备可开采资源不足,需要加大对中深部隐伏铝土矿的勘查.本次工作在山西省霍西云义地区,利用可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT法)以及高精度重力测量法,结合钻孔数据,基本查明了研究区的构造断裂情况,初步绘制了奥陶系灰岩侵蚀面并推测出了铝土矿含矿段的赋存范围.这表明本次工作对古喀斯特地貌发育地区减少无效工程的数量和控制边界颇有成效,对今后山西省中深部的煤下铝土矿勘查工作有启示意义.     

渝东武隆地区中上寒武统储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

渝东武隆地区中上寒武统主要为一套海相浅水碳酸盐岩沉积,以各类型白云岩为主.依据成岩作用对孔缝的影响,可将成岩作用分为建设性成岩作用和破坏性成岩作用两种类型.建设性成岩作用主要包括白云石化作用、溶蚀作用和破裂作用等,对孔隙的形成有利.破坏性成岩作用主要有胶结作用、压实作用、压溶作用、充填作用等.破坏性成岩作用破坏原有的储层物性,使孔隙度和渗透率降低,储集性能变差.