Radiocarbon calibration: The next generation

The discovery of the radiocarbon(14C)dating technique in the mid-twentieth century by Willard Libby and colleagues(Libby et al.,1949)revolutionised such fields as archaeology and palaeoclimatology that require robust chronological information to inform their study.Any sample yielding sufficient quantities of carbon could be dated in this manner,with the older age limit of the method(currently circa 50 to 60 thousand years ago)having been pushed back significantly since its inception.     

A Review of Potential Vorticity and its Possible Application in the moist Atmospheric Flow

Potential vorticity (PV) has been served as a powerful and useful dynamic tracer for the understanding of the large-scale dynamics and synoptic variations in the atmosphere and oceans. Significant progress has been made on the application of PV. In recent decades there has been a substantial amount of work done on PV in a general moist atmosphere. In this paper PV and the generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV) and their application in the tropical cyclones and mesoscale meteorological field are reviewed. The GMPV is derived for a real atmosphere (neither totally dry nor saturated) by introducing a generalized potential temperature instead of the potential temperature or equivalent potential temperature. Such a generalization can depict the moist effect on PV anomaly in the non-uniformly saturated atmosphere. A new convective vorticity vector (CVV) is introduced in connection with GMPV in order to diagnose the development of tropical deep convections.     

Do human activities affect the picoplankton structure of the Ahe atoll lagoon (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia)?

The spatial variations of the picoplankton (photoautotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms) in the Ahe atoll lagoon were studied in May and October 2008 to assess whether they were affected by human activities along the atoll. Spatial patterns were studied using 10 sampling stations chosen according to the location of the anthropogenic activities (pearl farming, harbor). Experiments were also carried out to determine whether bacterial growth, with or without predators, was limited by inorganic (N and P) substrates. The results showed that heterotrophic bacterioplankton abundance was superior to the photoautotrophic organisms, especially in May. Significant increases in bacterial abundance were observed in May after 24h incubation with +P and +N (but not in October). All samples complied with the quality levels for fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) defined by the European Union and there was no evidence that human sewage had any impact on picoplankton over the whole atoll.     

利用基于GIS参数的评级方法对意大利Cilento海岸带滑坡灾害进行填图

本文论述了利用直接推断法在Agropoli和Sapri（意大利）之间的Cilento地区的海岸斜坡和陡崖进行滑坡灾害填图。这段海岸沿线（大约118公里长）主要由中生代碳酸盐岩和中新世厚砂页岩夹层构成;也有第四纪海相砂岩连同海滩砂露头。由于海浪的破坏,导致几个滑坡（主要是岩崩和滑坡）都影响海岸带。分析了大约154个斜坡和陡崖的地貌、地质及结构特征,并且监测和测量了影响岩块的若干参数。这些参数涉及研究区地形、地质、地质力学、环境和波动特征。为了实施直接推断法,采用了Hudson提出的岩石工程系统（RES）以及几种修正的方法。本研究的主要步骤是：（1）选择与滑坡灾害相关的参数;（2）分析参数之间二元耦合;（3）加权耦合的权重;（4）评价赋给不同等级的参数值：（5）最后,计算不稳定指数（I．I．）。提供了测定参数数据库。利用耦合矩阵,将输出结果链接到地理信息系统中。本研究包含以下几个要素：地质和地貌要素、有关滑坡的历史数据及研究斜坡和陡崖的I．I．的图像和数值。如果新的塌方发生或被近岸工程建筑建成,则I．I．值将被自动升级。I．I．值分为低、中、和高三个等级滑坡灾害。碳酸盐岩和厚砂页岩夹层两者都可以用相关I．I值区分,说明滑坡脆弱性的差异。事实上,除了大型崩塌外,高速且小的岩崩比中等速度的可能会造成更多的人员伤亡。大的滑坡灾害影响大约41％的碳酸盐陡崖和53％的砂质-泥炭厚砂页岩夹层边坡。     

温室气体的作用不可小觑北大核心CSCD

对于南极冰芯记录资料,全球变暖怀疑论者喜爱的一个简单解释是：在全球走出上一个冰期的变暖进程中,二氧化碳只起到了微弱的甚至无足轻重的作用。但是,有关上个冰期结束时首个连续的、近乎全球的气温记录显示,二氧化碳的确对全球变暖起到了促进作用。有关南极冰芯的问题在于：冰芯记录的气温上升早于二氧化碳浓度的上升。这是气候变暖怀疑论者质疑温室气体引起全球变暖的原因之一。然而,气候科学家们知道,没有任何一个地区能够代表全球的气候趋势。因此,     

Mineralogy,M-type tetrad effect and radioactivity of altered granites at the G. Abu Garadi shear zone,central Eastern Desert,Egypt

The G. Abu Garadi area is covered mainly by metasediments, alkali feldspar granites and stream sediments. The alkali feldspar granite is traversed by a major strike-slip fault trending in an N-S direction as well as two subordinate sets of faults trending NW to WNW for the first one and NE for the second one. These faults represent the shear zones affected by magmatic (syngenetic) as well as hydrothermal (epigenetic) activities causing alteration of the granitic rocks. The most common alteration features are albitization, greisenization and koalinitization. The mass balance calculations of the studied altered samples show enrichments in Zr, Y, Ni, U, Th and Ga and depletions in Zn, Sr, Nb, Ba, Pb, Cu and V. Only the greisenized samples exhibit a significant enrichment in Nb, ∑REE budget and pronounced lanthanide tetrad effect (M-type), especially TE1,4, while weakly expressed tetrad effects are for the other albitized and koalinitized samples. Mineralogically, the common accessory minerals in the altered samples include samarskite-(Y), betafite, uranothorite, zircon, fluorite and cassiterite. The greisenized granites contain high eU and eTh than the other altered types, where they are characterized by an assemblage of the radioactive minerals; samarskite-(Y), betafite, uranothorite in addition to zircon. The inter-element relationships between U and Th and also their ratios illustrate that the radioelement distribution in these granites is mainly governed by magmatic processes, in addition to post-magmatic ones. The distribution of chemical elements and the fractionation of some isovalents within the shear zone are largely controlled by the newly formed mineral phases. With respect to uranium mobilization, uranium migrated from the host alkali feldspar granites of G. Abu Garadi, while the shear zones acted as traps for the migrated uranium. Moreover, U migrated in the shear zone during greisenization and albitization, and migrated out during koalinitization.     

地质省在前寒武纪古地磁研究中的作用

按地质省编辑了北美和欧洲波罗的海地区14亿年前的前寒武纪岩石A类古地磁资料。目的是试图建立各个构造省的极移曲线,以便检验加拿大和费诺—萨尔马提地盾的克拉通内部完整性。根据这种见解,由于资料贫乏,对大多数省来说,不可能得出任何结论。有可能提出若干试验性的意见,供以后检验: (1)单条极移曲线满足可利用的北美24亿年前的资料。 (2)从距今22亿年到18亿年,在苏必利尔省(十南方省和怀俄明省)和邱吉尔省(十斯拉夫省和拉布多省)之间形成威尔逊环。 (3)单条极移曲线满足了怀俄明省和苏必利尔省的资料。 (4)就每个省来说,有些资料不易适合任一简单极移曲线型式。     

生物和矿

生物圈呈一薄層复盖着地球,其中棲居和繁殖着生物。生物圈包括江河,湖泊和海洋里的水、地表層和陸地的土壤,以及大气層的下層。植物、动物和微生物的質量虽与地球的总質量比較起來是微不足道的,但是它們在地球的歷史中却超着卓越的作用。这与生物的積極作用有关,它們处在不断变化和轉变中,夺取并積累了大量的太陽宇宙能量,使化学元素