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61.
YousifK. Kharaka Evangelos G. Kakouros James J. Thordsen David L. Naftz 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):100-101
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient to biota, but can become a potent toxicant at elevated concentrations. The natural sources and chemical properties of Se species make the boundary between deficiency and toxicity narrow for some biota, with both phenomena common around the globe. Large areas of farmland in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) generate salinized drainage water with Se concentrations much higher than 5 μg/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency chronic water-quality criterion for the protection of aquatic life. We have carried out detailed field and laboratory studies to investigate Se geochemistry and remediation in two of these areas: the Middle Green River Basin, Utah and the Salton Sea Basin, California, located respectively in the Upper and Lower CRB. Results from these and other studies show that approximately 90% of the dissolved Se in the Colorado River and its tributaries originally is derived from the Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale and equivalent pyritic marine units that outcrop in the Upper CRB. Selenium is mobilized commonly by biogeochemical oxidation of this pyritic shale and is concentrated mainly as selenate (SeO4^2-) in soils and agricultural drainage water of dry climates by evaporation. Minor (0%-5%) amounts of Se are present as the selenite species (HSeO3^-) and (SEO3^2-), but these species and the more reduced species, elemental Se (SeO) and selenide (Se^2-), have much lower solubility and/or have high sorptive affinity towards organic matter, clay minerals and iron oxyhydroxides. The concentration of dissolved Se (-2.5 μg/L) and salinity in the Lower Colorado River water are among the highest of the world major rivers. Because of low precipitation (7 cm/a) and extreme evapotranspiration (-1.8 m/a) rates in the Salton Sea Basin, California, Se values in irrigation water imported from the Colorado River increase to 〉300 μg/L in drainage wastewater. Removal of Se from contaminated wastewater by nanofiltration membranes was demonstrated in laboratory and pilot-scale field experiments. 相似文献
62.
Y.T. John Kwong 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(B08):229-230
Naturally acidic drainage associated with pyritic black shale has been observed in many locations in the Yukon Territory. While not necessarily linked to known mineral deposits, most of these natural acid rock drainage occurrences show elevated dissolved concentrations of trace elements, especially zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium and arsenic. Based on field observations, microbial investigation, chemical analyses and geochemical modeling, the fate and transport of potentially deleterious elements at two natural acid drainage occurrences with slightly different settings are examined. The Macintosh Creek is a small, acidic stream (pH 2.98-3.40), 2 km long, located in the Macmillan Pass area of east-central Yukon amidst known sedimentary exhalative massive sulfide mineralization but remains undisturbed by exploration activities. Its trace metal content is apparently derived from groundwater discharges, which gave as much as 5.0, 2.5, 0.7, 0.13 and 0.03 mg/L ofZn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Interaction and sorption reactions with algal mats, biofilms and iron oxyhydroxides appear to be the dominant mechanisms attenuating aqueous contaminant transport along the stream. Cryogenic precipitation further consolidates the ferricrete formation and reduces the mobility of the sorbed metals. The tributaries of the Engineering Creek along the Dempster Highway in northern Yukon drain through a series of dolomite, phyllite, argillite, limestone, black shale, sandstone and conglomerate with no known concentration of mineralization. In this area, the water chemistry fully reflects the local geology with acidic streams invariably associated with black shale occurrences. Groundwater seeps in the headwaters area of the km-180 Creek completely enclosed in black shale gave pH 3.0 and as much as 148, 39, 2.9 and 9.1 mg/L of Zn, Ni, Cu and As, respectively. Sorption with iron oxyhydroxide and organic matter appear to dominate the attenuation of contaminant transport along the stream. However, once entered into carbonate-dominated terrains, secondary carbonate minerals exercise additional geochemical control on the local water chemistry as a result of neutralization. 相似文献
63.
俄罗斯西西伯利亚和外贝加尔区古河道型铀矿床 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文系统地介绍了俄罗斯3个具有工业意义的古河道型铀矿化发育区(外乌拉尔,西西伯利亚和外贝加尔)的地质背景,铀矿化特征和铀成矿条件,指出切割到基底的古河道型铀矿床,既可产于跨地区的造山周围,也可产于活化的年青地台和古老地盾,既可形成于干燥的气候条件,也可形成于潮湿的气候条件。古河道型铀矿化可以从含矿层的沉积开始一直延续到被泥岩层或玄武岩层完全封盖。古河道的后成氧化分带有两种形式:氧化带-铀矿化带-原生灰色岩石;氧化带-氧化铁再沉积带-漂白带-原生灰色岩石。古河道型铀矿床具宽广的元素谱,这主要是与含矿围岩富含有机质和在氧化带尖灭处存在各种地球化学障有关。 相似文献
64.
湖南印支期过铝质花岗岩的形成: 岩浆底侵与地壳加厚热效应的数值模拟 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
在合理构建华南印支期地质-物理模型的基础上, 利用FLAC软件, 模拟了该区印支期过铝质富钾花岗岩形成与基性岩浆底侵, 及陆壳变形叠置加厚两种动力学背景的可能联系. 模拟结果表明, 220 Ma±的基性岩浆底侵能导致地壳含水矿物相岩石的深熔, 但除非印支期存在大规模基性岩浆的底侵作用, 否则其热效应持续时间和热效应波及范围难以形成具大岩基规模的湖南印支期花岗岩. 在陆壳叠置加厚模型中, 地壳的叠置加厚可导致中下地壳界面温度升高到700℃以上, 引起片麻质岩石熔融, 当加厚因子达1.3, 白云母矿物脱水熔融产生的熔体达到熔体流动临界比例(≥20%), 从而形成花岗岩基; 结合印支期挤压逆冲推覆构造和同期基性火山岩极少出露的地质事实, 认为陆壳变形加厚可能是湖南印支期构造岩浆作用形成的主导因素. 相似文献
65.
藏南地壳速度结构与地壳物质东西向“逃逸”──以佩枯错-普莫雍错宽角反射剖面为例 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
根据佩枯错-普莫雍错480余公里长地震剖面上纵、横波波场特征识别的来自Moho界面反射及壳内界面反射震相, 通过正演拟合解释藏南地区近东西向剖面地壳纵、横波速度与泊松比结构. 结果显示: 该区地壳厚度东西向变化显著, 分别以定日西、定结东为界呈现“块体三分”格局, 西段Moho界面埋深为71 km, 中段约76 km, 东段约74 km; 上地壳底部深度20~30 km左右处存在一低速层, 其厚度沿东西向急剧变化, 即从西段的20 km减薄至东段的6 km左右; 地壳内纵、横波速度变化剧烈, 在东西方向上呈现出跳跃式周期性变化. 下地壳物质低波速与3条近南北向活动正断层的存在可能是伴随印度与欧亚板块碰撞、下地壳物质“拆沉”、地壳增厚与物质东西向“逃逸”耦合作用的结果. 相似文献
66.
1994年M_W=6.7的阿瑟山口地震的余震分布对于逆冲断层事件是不寻常的,其实际断层面沿NNW方向扩展了12 km,SSE方向扩展了30 km,走向为NE-SW。我们运用几种方法反推此区域的应力场,其中包括大地测量结果、地震震源机制结果,并用P波偏振数据反演了应力张量的方向。反演方法是新的,并不需要所用事件的震源机制,方法中也考虑了库仑破裂准则。所有结果均表明应力场支持走滑断层而不是逆断层。应力场中几乎水平的σ_1和σ_3主轴走向分别为298°和28°。运用位错理论,我们计算了阿瑟山口地震及其最大余震(走滑事件)诱发的应力并叠加到区域应力场中。远离主震断层面的余震位置与最优取向断层面上诱发的库仑破裂应力高值区域有很好的对应关系。然而,有一些高诱发库仑破裂应力的区域缺乏余震。与其他地方的观测一样,倾斜(19°)板块收敛区域的地震滑动可以分解为平行和垂直于板块边界的分量。像发生在太平洋板块和澳大利亚板块边界的右旋阿尔卑斯断层上那样,大部分滑动是平行的。然而,像阿瑟山口地震那样的偶尔的逆断层事件至少可以解释滑动的某些垂直分量和南阿尔卑斯隆起的形成。 相似文献
67.
岩石破裂实验研究中强震发生前主破裂形成时能量释放过程的分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
分析用方程Q(t)=Q(t1) A1-A2(tf-t)^m[1 ccos(2πlog(tf-t)/p-φ)]来模拟强震前地震能量释放过程的一些条件,式中的Q(t)是在时间t以前所累积的“贝尼奥夫”总应变,tf是主震的时间,A1,A2,c,m,p,ψ都是模型的参数,Q(t1)是已知量(t1≤tf时)。表明在一定假定条件下幂指数m=α(2-d) 1。这里d是主震周围地震潜在震源群震中的尺寸,参数α决定着幂律。根据这个规律,地震时释放的地震能量和总能量的比值随地震的震级而变化。模型可用于分析实验研究岩石破裂释放声能的动力学,也适用于对堪察加一些强震前地震活动性的回溯性分析。 相似文献
68.
EXPERIMENTAL AND FIELD STUDY ON MINING-PIT MIGRATION 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
1 INTRODUCTION Because of the large quantity of sand and gravel in their beds, rivers have always been considered as a major source of sand and gravel for civil works. Acceptable quality, ease of extraction and economy are some of the reasons could be mentioned. Unfortunately, specific laws and regulations regarding the safe in-stream mining have not been provided for users and officials. What should be taken into account are the effects of over-mining of sand and gravel, which can cause … 相似文献
69.
The reservoir quality of Jurassic and Triassic fluvial and lacustrine-deltaic sandstones of the Yanchang Oil Field in the Ordos Basin is strongly influenced by the burial history and facies-related diagenetic events. The fluvial sandstones have a higher average porosity (14.8%) and a higher permeability (12.7×10?3 ?m2) than those of the deltaic sandstones (9.8% and 5.8 ×10?3 ?m2, respectively). The burial compaction, which resulted in 15% and 20% porosity loss for Jurassic and Triassic sandstones, respectively, is the main factor causing the loss of porosity both for the Jurassic and Triassic sandstones. Among the cements, carbonate is the main one that reduced the reservoir quality of the sandstones. The organic acidic fluid derived from organic matter in the source rocks, the inorganic fluid from rock-water reaction during the late diagenesis, and meteoric waters during the epidiagenesis resulted in the formation of dissolution porosity, which is the main reason for the enhancement of reservoir-quality. 相似文献
70.
20 0 0年 4月 2 0日 ,乌兹别克斯坦卡什卡达林斯克区的岳尔捷帕发生了 M=5.4级强烈地震。对这次地震前后 (1 999年 1 0月 3 1日— 2 0 0 0年 4月 2 2日 )的地震序列进行了初步分析 ,并结合震区附近的《舒尔奇》和《朱玛巴扎尔》等综合预报台地下水观测参数 (流量、湿度、Eh值、p H值等 )的变化和震源机制解 ,分析了应力场的变化和迁移特征。最后认为 k≤ 1 2的地震可以引起应力场的变化 ,这种变化可通过综合观测台来跟踪研究 ;观测点彼此间距不应超过1 0 0— 1 50 km;每个观测点必须选配自己的一组最有信息量的观测方法 相似文献