Possible ion-acoustic soliton formation in the ionospheric perturbations observed on DEMETER before the 2007 Pu’er earthquake

The data of ionospheric perturbations observed on DEMETER before the 2007 Pu’er earthquake are analyzed. The three-component plasma (ions, electrons and heavy ions) is studied in the fluid concept. The linear dispersion relation for ion-acoustic wave is found in the presence of heavy ions. The nonlinear dynamics is studied for arbitrary amplitude of the wave. The Sagdeev potential is calculated, which shows that solitary structure exists for Mach number within a range defined by the presence of heavy ions. ...     

Investigation of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbon inputs in sediments using geochemical markers. I. Santos, SP--Brazil

A study on the inputs of organic matter to marine sediments of Santos Bay and Estuary, located in southeastern S?o Paulo State, Brazil, is presented here. The following geochemical markers were identified and quantified: aliphatic hydrocarbons (normal and isoprenoid alkanes), petroleum biomarkers, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Sediment samples, collected at 15 sites in the bay and surrounding channels, were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometer detectors. Total concentrations varied from 0.17 to 107.80 microg g(-1) for aliphatics, from 47.2 to 2560.1 ng g(-1) for petroleum biomarkers, from 16.9 to 430.6 ng g(-1) for LABs and from 79.6 to 15389.1 ng g(-1) for PAHs. Anthropogenic contributions were apparent, indicating the influences of the Cubatao industrial complex, sewage outfalls along the area, the waste deposit of Santos city and storage facilities for petroleum and derivatives, based on the higher concentrations of geochemical markers detected.     

NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS CONTROLLING GULLY EROSION IN THEBASALTIC UPLAND OF SOUTHERN BRAZIL

This paper describes an analysis of natural and anthropogenic factors controlling the evolution of gullies in a rural basin in the basaltic upland in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. In this region of deep ferrallitic soils with more than 60% clay, runoff and erosion are of increasing concern. In the TaboAo drainage basin （100 km^2）, gully erosion was studied in a field survey that measured rills and gullies. Eighty-four gullies were identified. They had an average length of 136 m, were 10 m wide, and 3 m deep and had a volume of 15.458 m3. Each gully was characterised in terms of factors that included slope, geological structure, presence of piping, drainage, soil use, and the presence of surface and subsurface flow. On average, the main channels had knickpoints varying from 2 m to 7 m, and their evolution in the vertical plane increased until bed-rock basalt material was reached, after which gullies increase in width and length. Gully development was also monitored from 1991 to 2003. Subsurface flow appears to be the principal agent controlling their development. Results show that both natural （slope, surface curvature, geological structure and rainfall） and anthropogenic （soil use, road construction） factors are important in gully development. The change in cultural practices throughout the drainage basin from conventional to direct seeding has led to increased subsurface flow, which was more important than surface runoff in causing erosion. However, the higher rainfall during E1 Nifio Southern Oscillation （ENSO） events and the consequently higher subsurface flow were the dominant factors. From 1991 to 2003 a total land loss of 1,013 m3 was observed in one gully, with 236 m^3 lost during the 1992 ENSO and 702 m3 during the 1997 ENSO; 95% of the total volume lost occurred during ENSO periods.     

复合火山构造的高分辨率岸上地震成像:意大利武尔卡诺岛例子

火山口地下构造详细的地震成像对于增进这些高危险火山的构造和火山学的知识是必不可少的。然而,在火山地带,尤其是在岸上,很难获得高质量的地震数据。我们报道了拉福萨火山口(意大利武尔卡诺岛)西部地区的高分辨率地震剖面结果。利用高分辨率的振动源及交替采集和处理技术,我们能够克服由火山煤岩类型带来的大多数困难。本研究提供了火山堆积的地下分布和一些重要内部喷火山口构造的识别。我们确定了埋于拉福萨火山口下面的寄生火山口或玄武碎屑岩丘的位置,它在约1km的深度记录到地震的地方正在消散CO2。此外,在剖面最南部发现的变形模式与穹隆侵入后破火山口塌陷是一致的。结果表明,使用高分辨率振动源结合交替地震采集技术和非常规处理方法,可以帮助恢复火山地区浅层构造的详细信息。     

THE PAOTE AND CHINGSHUI PHYSIOGRAPHIC STAGES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.

Reasons are given for the introduction of two new stage-names in the series of steps by which the present land-surface has evolved. The term Paote Stage is proposed for the long-recognized phase of aggradation (between the Tanghsien and Fenho erosional stages) during which the Red Clays and high gravels accumulated. The importance of the Chingshui Stage has not previously been appreciated, but it is now clear that an epoch of erosion separated the Sanmen and Malan (loess) Stages of accumulation. When Dr. Andersson first applied the term Fenho Stage to the dissection seen in the Chaitang Basin, Dr. V. K. Ting had not yet discovered the Sanmen beds. With the recognition that these beds were not an isolated deposit but represented a distinct change of conditions which left its mark widespread over Northern China, it became necessary to establish the exact relationship between the Sanmen and Fenho in Willis's type area.     

地球自转长期稳定性的一种解释

古地磁数据显示了在古地磁和热点参照系之间的不到1000km的运动,即100Ma(百万年)期间的真极移,它意味着地球自转轴一直是相当稳定的。这个长期的自转稳定性可以用晚中生代和新生代的大规模板块运动的缓慢变化来解释,只要俯冲带的岩石层是地幔对流导致的地幔密度不均匀性的主要部分。因此,不需要引入其他诸如自转不规则的缓慢再调整之类的机制,就可以解释所观测到的缓慢的真极移。     

阿穆尔河流域“十月”地区碳酸盐岩中金的成矿作用

以杰尔图拉克矿化特征为例研究了阿穆尔河流域碳酸盐岩中金的成矿作用,并将碳酸盐围岩和矿石与美国内华达州卡林金矿床进行了地球化学和岩石化学的比较分析.查明了含有粘土-水云母(K、Al)组分及多种成矿元素的白云岩的矿化富集趋势.矿体为条带状或角砾状白云岩,它具有脉状金-多金属、透镜状金-磁铁矿-磁黄铁矿及浸染状金-黄铁矿-毒砂等矿化.矿化在碳酸盐岩层剖面中占据一定的层位.矿石特征是金以不同粒度的、成色高的游离金存在,并与辰砂共生.杰尔图拉克矿床金-黄铁矿-毒砂成矿作用与卡林型金矿床相似,特别是与乌拉尔的沃龙佐夫矿床碳酸盐岩金矿石相似.总结了阿穆尔河流域碳酸盐岩地层中金矿的找矿远景.     

自相似和自仿射分形裂纹力学

研究了断裂面分形特征的力学特征，同时研究了自相似和自仿射分形裂纹尖端附近应力和应变的奇异性结构，讨论了二维和三维固体中分形裂纹的3种经典断裂型式和第四种断裂型式。发现分形断裂力学中有6种断裂型式。同时，结果表明J积分与路径有关。阐明了文献中提出修改的、且被证明与路径无关的，积分仅局部与路径无关，而且没有物理意义。可以推测，分形，积分应当是单位裂纹扩展分形测度的势能释放率。我们计算了某些应变硬化材料中分形裂纹应力知应变奇异性的幂。结果显示，分形裂纹尖端的应力和应变比光滑裂纹的应力和应变有较弱的奇异性。     

近代照相天体测量学的任务

天体测量学是天文学的一个分枝.天体测量学是研究测量天体在天空的方向的方法,是研究测定天体的位置和运动的方法.目视天体测量的主要困难是如何将所有的量度测定到尽可能的精确,这些量度都是对起始方向和起始平面而言的.起始方向和起始平面就是地轴和二分点平面,因此,我们所采用的方向和平面就得彼此完全平行.这样我们才能进行绝对坐标和恒星自行的测量.