巴黎大都市区商业的发展及其新近的变化

阐述了近二十年来巴黎大都市区商业所经历的巨大增长和迅速变化。     

MULTIVARIATE SELECTION OF VARIABLES IN INDUSTRIAL QUALITY CONTROL:OPTIMIZING AVIATION FUEL FINAL CONTROL

This paper deals with a typical question encountered in all industrial analytical laboratories:are all thetests performed in the laboratory to characterize the final product really necessary?In this work the cross-validation technique,Procrustes rotation techniques and statistical variable selection have been used toreduce the 26 initial British Petroleum and ASTM kerosene specification tests to ten'essential'ones.Statistical as well as chemical considerations were used to select the optimum subset of original variablesto be retained from all the possible ones.     

温室内CO_2浓度的计算机控制及其在估算作物光合作用中的应用

本文介绍一个监测并控制五个玻璃试验温室内CO_2浓度的计算机自动控制系统。在计算机控制下,通过一个CO_2测定系统向每个温室输入纯CO_2气体,使其内部CO_2浓度与室外保持相等(CO_2浓度由红外气体分析仪测定)。在CO_2浓度测定的间隔期间,温室所需要的CO_2输入速率根据通风速率、未来的和现时的CO_2浓度计算确定。通过预先用N_2O气体跟踪确定的风机定位状态和风速的关系计算通风率。通过放在地面上的容器内获得的碳酸盐的重量观测土壤呼吸。在其它CO_2通量已确定后,用其剩余额估算作物净光合作用。该系统很可靠,且已在许多热带作物净光合作用的光响应特征曲线研究中得到应用。     

Sensitivity of medium-range weather forecasts to the use of reference atmosphere

In this paper, the authors develop the earlier work of Chen Jiabin et al. (1986). In order to reduce spectral truncation errors, the reference atmosphere has been introduced in ECMWF model, and the spectrally-represented variables, temperature, geopotential height and orography, are replaced by their deviations from the reference atmos-phere. Two modified semi- implicit schemes have been proposed to alleviate the computational instability due to the introduction of reference atmosphere. Concerning the deviation of surface geopotential height from reference atmos-phere, an exact computational formulation has been used instead of the approximate one in the earlier work. To re-duce aliasing errors in the computations of the deviation of the surface geopotential height, a spectral fit has been used slightly to modify the original Gaussian grid-point values of orography.A series of experiments has been performed in order to assess the impact of the reference atmosphere on ECMWF medium- range forecasts at the resolution T21, T42 and T63, The results we have obtained reveal that the reference atmosphere introduced in ECMWF spectral model is generally beneficial to the mean statistical scores of 1000-200 hPa height 10-day forecasts over the globe. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is a clear improvement for T21, T42 and T63 throughout the 10-day forecast period, In the Northern Hemisphere, the impact of the reference atmos-phere on anomaly correlation is positive for resolution T21, a very slightly damaging at T42 and almost neutral at T63 in the range of day 1 to day 4. Beyond the day 4 there is a clear improvement at all resolutions.     

1986年11月20/21日夜间的气象卫星和雷达降水图解释

1.导言 1986年11月20/21日夜间,在Wales的西南到东部英吉利海峡的一条宽约200km的回波带中(图1),产生了激烈的天气,有雷暴和大雨。2330GMT左右,Swindon有一陆龙卷,0045GMT左右,Selsey有一水龙卷产生,这二个龙卷造成了范围广大的建筑物的破坏。这些是在向东穿越英格兰和Wales的加深的低气压环流(图2)内观测到的几个中尺度对流现象的例子。     

锋面学说简评:理论及观测事实

本文是英国气象局气象学院研究中尺度气象学一系列技术报告之一——锋面气象学.本文介绍锋带形成及其结构的动力学重要内容.中文介绍了简单的概念模式,它有助于预报员们理解锋带,从而更好地了解正在投入业务使用的、并日益增多的中尺度观测系统所获得的资料.本文不打算作全面综合评论.     

数字天气雷达监测暴雨洪水研究

从加强水资源管理和减少洪水危害来看.应用数字天气雷达定量测定大范围区域降水量,并建立降雨量对水文参量的预报方程是有应用价值的方案.统计表明,在建立预报方程时应区分不同类型降水.经过仔细标定的数字化天气雷达,在探测区内少数地面雨量计的校准下,可以30%(层状云降水)和60%(混合型降水)的精度实时监测降雨风暴并做出外推形势预报.与洪水关系密切的过程降雨总量之测量误差对不同类型降水均在±40%之内.用双线偏振等特种天气雷达系统,并考虑截流地表特性和地面蒸发等因子,则可进一步提高测量预报精度.     

三维网平差的方差分量估计

本文将方差分量估计理论运用于三维网平差中，推导出了含定向角未知数及消去定向角未知数的方差分量估计公式，并进行了模拟和实例计算，从而建立了合理的三维网平差随机模型。