Effects of industrial outfalls on tropical macrobenthic sediment communities in Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean)

Temporal changes in the composition of soft bottom macrobenthic assemblages at Reunion Island (Southwest Indian Ocean) were studied in the context of a long-term environmental monitoring programme studying the impacts of effluents of industrial sugar cane refineries that are transferred to shallow and deep coastal environments by different pathways: surface discharge and deep underground injection. Seven stations (between 20 and 160 m depth) were surveyed between 1994 and 2003 on the industrial zone. One additional station was surveyed on a reference site. Spatio-temporal changes in the composition of macrobenthic communities were assessed using several diversity indices, ABC curves, MDS and associated ANOSIM tests and biotic indices. Among the 171 taxa recorded, polychaetes were dominant (89 species), followed by crustaceans and molluscs. The analysis of spatial changes in the composition of macrobenthos showed the existence of distinct benthic communities along the depth gradient. Temporal changes in macrobenthos composition were most prominent at the shallowest station. They mainly corresponded to the decline of several initially dominant taxa and the increase of the Eunicid polychaete Diopatra cuprea. This station further showed increasing macrofaunal abundance, biomass and sediment organic content over time, concomitant with decreasing sediment grain sizes. In deeper environments, temporal changes were much smaller. Macrofaunal abundance and species richness increased progressively, suggesting a moderate impact on benthic ecosystems resulting from slight enrichments due to effluents rich in organic matter. Our results highlight an original response to disturbance pattern involving opportunistic Eunicidae species (D. cuprea) not previously described. Moreover, they allow for the comparison of the impact on macrofauna caused by industrial effluents exported by two distinct and different pathways in a tropical coastal high-energy marine environment.     

Pure-phase transport and dissolution of TCE in sedimentary rock saprolite

The objective of this study was to experimentally determine the influence of pore structure on the transport and dissolution of trichloroethylene (TCE) in clay-rich saprolite. In order to simulate a "spill," pure-phase TCE containing a water-insoluble fluorescent dye was injected into two heterogeneous 24-cm-diameter by 37-cm-long undisturbed columns of water-saturated saprolite. TCE entry occurred at capillary pressures of 2.7 and 4.0 kPa. Ten or 28 d after injection, the column was sliced horizontally into three sections and visually examined. The distribution of fluorescent dye indicated that pure-phase TCE migrated mainly through fractures in the shale saprolite and through fine root holes or other macropores in the limestone saprolite residuum. Analysis of saprolite subsamples indicated that TCE was present throughout much of the saprolite column but usually at concentrations less than the solubility of TCE. This spreading was caused by diffusion, which also contributed to the rapid dissolution of TCE in the fractures and macropores. Modeling was carried out using previously published dissolution and diffusion equations. The calculations confirm that rapid disappearance of immiscible TCE can occur in this type of material because of the small size of fracture or macropore openings and the high porosity of the fine-grained material. This study indicates that industrial solvents can readily enter fractures and macropores in otherwise very fine-grained subsoils and then rapidly dissolve and diffuse into the fine-pore structure, from which they may be very difficult to remove.     

Resolution of MRS applied to the characterization of hard-rock aquifers

The performance of the Magnetic Resonance Sounding (MRS) method applied to the investigation of heterogeneous hard-rock aquifers was studied. It was shown using both numerical modeling and field measurements that MRS could be applied to the investigation of the weathered part of hard-rock aquifers when the product of the free water content multiplied by the thickness of the aquifer is >0.2 (for example, 10-m-thick layer with a 2% water content). Using a currently available one-dimensional MRS system, the method allows the characterization of two-dimensional subsurface structures with acceptable accuracy when the size of the subsurface anomaly is equal to or greater than the MRS loop. However, the fractured part of hard-rock aquifers characterized by low effective porosity (<0.5%) cannot be resolved using currently available MRS equipment. It was found that shallow water in the weathered part of the aquifer may screen MRS signals from deeper water-saturated layers, thus further reducing the possibility of investigating deeper fractured aquifers. A field study using the NUMIS(plus) MRS system developed by IRIS Instruments was carried out on an experimental watershed in southern India. A heterogeneous unconfined aquifer in a gneissic formation was successfully localized, and MRS results were confirmed by drilling shortly after the geophysical study. The top of the aquifer revealed by MRS was found to be in a good agreement with observed static water level measurements in boreholes.     

温室气体的作用不可小觑北大核心CSCD

对于南极冰芯记录资料,全球变暖怀疑论者喜爱的一个简单解释是：在全球走出上一个冰期的变暖进程中,二氧化碳只起到了微弱的甚至无足轻重的作用。但是,有关上个冰期结束时首个连续的、近乎全球的气温记录显示,二氧化碳的确对全球变暖起到了促进作用。有关南极冰芯的问题在于：冰芯记录的气温上升早于二氧化碳浓度的上升。这是气候变暖怀疑论者质疑温室气体引起全球变暖的原因之一。然而,气候科学家们知道,没有任何一个地区能够代表全球的气候趋势。因此,     

龙门山北段平通河流域地貌演化过程

龙门山位于青藏高原东缘,是青藏高原周缘山脉中陡度变化最大的山脉,也是全球气候和构造活动最为强烈的地区之一,因此成为研究构造、气候如何影响山脉地貌演化过程这一科学问题的良好素材。在位于龙门山北段的平通河流域,汶川地震导致该区强烈的隆升、剥蚀作用,对研究该区地貌演化过程具有重要的启示意义。通过对平通河流域基于DEM数据的地形坡度、水系分布、河流发育程度等的分析,并综合研究区构造特征和岩性特征,获得该流域不同区域的地貌演化方向,其中两个区域的地貌演化最为剧烈:1.平通河流域位于北川-映秀断裂和彭灌断裂之间的地区,未来将发生较快的隆升,地貌向高、陡的方向演化,河流下切作用使河谷两岸形成更加陡峭的地形;2.在北川-映秀断裂上盘附近地区,在构造和气候作用下侵蚀、搬运作用强烈,山体将被快速剥蚀削低,但在河谷两岸也会形成更加陡峭的地形。     

Mean Kinematic Characteristics of Synoptic Easterly Disturbances over the Atlantic

This study investigates the mean kinematic characteristics of the tropical Atlantic easterly disturbances in January-March(JFM),April-June(AMJ),July-September(JAS)and October-December(OND)from 1968-1998.For each season,the preferential tracks of these disturbances in the 3-10-day band periods were computed and spatialized,as well as their associated wavelength,velocity and main period,which lies between 3-5 days and between 6-9 days depending on the track and the season. Two main tracks are highlighted over the Atlantic Ocean.During OND and JFM these two tracks are well separated and located in each hemisphere around 15°S and 12.5°N.From AMJ to JAS these tracks migrate northward;in JAS,they merge into one over the northern tropical Atlantic along 17.5°N.The associated wavelength fields exhibit a meridional gradient,with large wavelengths(greater than 4000 km) around the equator,between 5°N and 5°S,and smaller wavelengths outside of this latitude band(between 2500-3500 km).The phase speed is also found to exhibit poleward decreasing values from 12-6 m s-1. Over the north Atlantic track,6-9-day disturbances were found to occur from January to May and approximately from October to December.From June to September,the 3-5-day waves dominate the synoptic activity.Over the south Atlantic track,between May and August the synoptic variability is mainly explained by the 3-5-day disturbances but from January to April and from September to December both 3-5-day waves and 6-9-day waves can occur.     

致密的低渗透沉积岩——可燃气体的后备资源

讨论了按照岩石的渗滤容量特性而位于储集层与封隔层之间的低渗透性沉积岩层的强饱和天然气情况。确定了在显示具有生产性的饱和天然气的低渗透性岩层范围内的勘探方法。开发饱和天然气的致密岩层的首选地区已计划出来，这种开发可作为当地用户可燃气的一个低流速来源。     

答复：新成果证明不同模型的公开讨论是正确的

1000年前,犹太哲人写道:“学者间的争论可增进智慧”。与之相比,Schweig等人要求对选择与他们在新马德里地震带(NMSZ)高危险性模型不同的模型要十分谨慎。我们发现这有点不可思议。我们并非反对他们及其合作者所做的大量努力将     

环斑花岗岩研究及存在的问题

综述了环斑花岩研究的新进展，环斑花岗岩既可以出现于从太古代到显生宙的各个地质时期，也可以产生于造山带中。这些不同时代，不同构造环境环境特别是造山环斑花岗岩与经典的元古克拉通上的环斑花岗岩在岩石学，地球化学和产生的构造动力学背景上有何异同今后需要研究的问题，这也涉及到环斑花岗岩的概念及其与环斑状花岗岩的区别等新问题。