“中国地质学”俄译本序言

中国科学院副院长李四光的著作“中国地质学”,最近已由苏联考古学家兼地质学家B.M.克里施托弗维赤译成俄文,由A.H.克里施托弗维赤校阅并作俄译本序言,由莫斯科外文书籍出版局出版。这是中苏学术交流的一件大事。兹由前中国地质工作指导委员会的同志将这俄译本的序言译成中文发表於下。     

加拿大西北地区Norman Wells油田碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层的三维模型

Norman Wells油田位于加拿大西北地区，距离北极圈60km，其产油层为泥盆系的碳酸盐岩岩岸复合体。该岩岸复合体在岩岸内的最大厚度可达130m，向盆地方向由于岩岸边界的退覆和沉积层的尖灭其厚度逐渐减薄。Norman Wells油田是一个以油为主的油田，其原始石油地质储量约为108百万方（680百万桶）。储层的基质渗透率很低（平均为2-4毫达西），但裂缝很发育。以前对Norman Wells油田所做的三维地质建模并没有尝试结合裂缝的渗透率，结果是在静态和动态储层模型与油田开发的历史数据之间产生了误差。最近，针对全油田范围的渗透率建立了一个量化基质和裂缝性能的共同影响的三维模型。基质和裂缝性能被分开进行了模拟，然后合成了一个完整的渗透率模型。基质的性能受沉积相和层序地层格架的控制。使用岩芯和测井数据，结合沉积相和地层信息可以建立三维的孔隙度和渗透率模型。裂缝渗透率则是分两步来建立的，第一步，注水数据和生产数据被用来分离并模拟储层中裂缝所产生的渗透率（裂缝所提高的渗透率）；第二，从岩芯、成像测井和露头等数据中测得的裂缝的几何属性（方向、规模、密度）被用来量化裂缝的几何参数以及由裂缝所导致的渗透率的各向异性（定向渗透率）。构造、地层和沉积相等信息也被用在了三维模型格架中，这些信息可以指导对井控范围以外的裂缝渗透率所进行的预测。模拟结果显示，裂缝不同程度地提高了基质的渗透率，而且，如果没有裂缝的增渗作用，Norman Wells油田的绝大部分油层都将是非经济的油层。在油田的大部分地区中，裂缝网络均有效地提高了基质的渗透率，而且并没有明显地影响地层的一致性。不过，也有一些地区的储层中裂缝十分发育，并导致了注入水的突破，降低了储层的一致性。裂缝性能的变化具有一定的规律，主要与构造位置和碳酸盐岩岩岸的地层力学特征有关。在岩岸的边缘和较陡的上倾（东北方向）构造斜坡上的储层中，裂缝的作用是最强的。应用这一新的模型，未需对流体模型的渗透率做多少修改，我们就迅速地获得了对生产动态史的拟合。将动态数据用于三维地质模型有两个的优点：1）可以降低对调整流体模型渗透率的需求，并产生一致性更强的动静态模型；2）用地质信息来指导剩余渗透率的分布，避免了对渗透率参数的针对性调整。这种新的动静态模型正被用于储层和产能预测、时机判断和油田管理等方面。     

Inhibitory effects of divalent metal ions on liver microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity of leaping mullet

The purpose of the present study was to elucidate in vitro effects of Hg(2+), Zn(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) on cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) dependent EROD activities in leaping mullet liver microsomes. Fish captured from the most polluted part of Izmir Bay, had highly elevated EROD activities, and induced CYP1A1 protein levels as determined by Western blotting. Although all of the metal ions caused inhibition of the initial velocity of the reaction, Hg(2+) and Cd(2+) exhibited much higher inhibitory effect at lower concentrations and they were evidently more potent inhibitors than others. The inhibitor concentration giving 50% inhibition (IC(50) values) of Zn(2+), Ni(2+), Cd(2+) and Hg(2+) of initial EROD activity were 107, 16, 1.3 and 0.15 micromolar, respectively. Glutathione (GSH) at 0.5 mM final concentration, completely reversed Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) inhibition of EROD activity indicating the protective action of GSH.     

黑潮海域海洋异常加热对后期北半球大气环流影响的分析

计算了黑潮海域海洋异常加热与后期1—12个月北半球大气环流的时滞相关，分析了二者的相关关系。结果表明，海洋异常加热对后期半年到一年北半球大气环流场有重要影响。当黑潮海域海洋异常多加热时，后期半球范围内大气环流的经向度将趋减小，反之则趋加强。在分析相关场演变的基础上，讨论了上述时滞关系的可能物理过程，指出黑潮海域海洋异常加热对后期下游大气环流型的影响，是通过改变中纬大气与高纬极地大气之间温度和位势高度梯度，进而影响后期下游大气环流型来实现的。     

东太平洋海隆洋壳上的连续水磁剖面

连续的东太平洋海岭地质一地球物理研究查明了新的构造细节，证实了构造作用在空间上(沿海岭)和时间上的一定差异性．众所周知，在东太平洋海岭活动区范围之外，转换断层具有延伸最长的痕迹．沿着这些痕迹观察到同一年龄层的线性磁异常的位移．     

构造的解体与增生

许多海隆，其中一些是已沉陷的大陆碎块，它们被嵌入大洋板块之中，今后注定要在活动边缘消亡，此种消亡造成活动火山锭的间隙，改变与洋壳俯冲腾的正常地震模式，并产生蛇绿岩的侵位，某些古老的海隆已变成增生地体，现可在古老的活动边缘找到，我们认为，某些增生地体系冈瓦纳解体所致。从欧洲南部的二叠纪碎块到现今的阿拉伯与索马里的大量大陆碎片，微陆块及有的海隆，从冈瓦纳迁移增生到欧洲与亚洲，造山形变发生在陆－陆完全碰     

Evaluation of fixed wavelength fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry as a biomonitoring tool of environmental contamination

A field study was carried out to investigate whether polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) could be measured using fluorescence spectrometry. Crabs were collected as part of an integrated study to assess PAH contamination in Southampton Water, UK. Urine was collected from crabs via a non-destructive technique and analysed using fixed wavelength fluorescence (FF) and synchronous fluorescence spectrophotometry (SFS) in order to determine the presence of PAH metabolites, indicative of PAH exposure. By scanning at wavelength pairs specific to a variety of PAH groups the fluorescence of metabolites was analysed and attributed to the following PAH groups; naphthalenes, pyrenes and benzo[a]pyrene (BAP). Naphthalene-type, pyrene-type and BAP-type metabolites were detected using FF and SFS techniques and two distinct parameters were measured; Peak Intensity and Peak Area. Results showed that crabs obtained near a petroleum refinery, a point source of PAH discharge, exhibited significantly higher PAH metabolites for all PAH groups, than at sites sampled along the estuary (ANOVA, p<0.05). This study highlights the effectiveness of using FF and SFS as a rapid and cost-effective biomonitoring tool for detecting PAH contamination.     

Ecosystem management bioindicators: the ECOMAN project--a multi-biomarker approach to ecosystem management

The ECOMAN project was initiated from an awareness of the complexity of the functioning of coastal marine systems and the clear need for more pragmatic environmental assessment techniques linking environmental degradation with its causes. The aim of the project is to develop a suite of easy to use, cost effective and environmentally valid biological responses (biomarkers) to assess the general health of coastal systems, including estuaries. To achieve this aim, various sublethal endpoints are being measured and evaluated from a range of common coastal organisms showing different feeding types (filter feeding, grazing and predation) and habitat requirements (estuary and rocky shore) and at different levels of biological response (cellular, physiological and behavioural). This holistic integrated approach is essential to identify the full impact of chemical contamination on organisms, and enables the sensitivity of organisms to be ranked and key sentinel species for specific habitats to be identified.