Challenges in global ballast water management

Ballast water management is a complex issue raising the challenge of merging international regulations, ship's specific configurations along with ecological conservation. This complexity is illustrated in this paper by considering ballast water volume, discharge frequency, ship safety and operational issues aligned with regional characteristics to address ecological risk for selected routes. A re-estimation of ballast water volumes gives a global annual level of 3500 Mton. Global ballast water volume discharged into open sea originating from ballast water exchange operations is estimated to approximately 2800 Mton. Risk based decision support systems coupled to databases for different ports and invasive species characteristics and distributions can allow for differentiated treatment levels while maintaining low risk levels. On certain routes, the risk is estimated to be unacceptable and some kind of ballast water treatment or management should be applied.     

P波地震图上的地面反射波与S—P转换波

辐射脉冲约１Ｓ或更短持续时间的震源理论研究表明：对于假定为实际地壳结构的双力偶震源，短周期Ｐ波地震图最突出的震相当是Ｐ，ＰＰ和ＳＰ波。已注意到显示Ｐ波与地面反射的某些地震图，并可以充分模拟，然而，由浅地震观测到的这种地震图数目很小，通常，观测到的地震图要私很简单，即它们显示出突出的初至，而很少有其他信息，要么地震图很复杂，即显示振幅大于或等于初至振幅的３０Ｓ以上的震相，简单和或复杂地震图上缺乏清晰     

三分向台阵数据的偏振分析

给出了一种三分向地震台阵数据偏振分析的技术，并应用于挪威南部NORESS台阵三分向拾震器记录到的一大组区域事件。仔细分析了区域震相Pn、Sn和Lg的偏振性质。该技术基于Flinn(1965)最先提出的一种时域算法，通过解协方差矩阵的本征值问题，在滑动时间窗内计算偏振椭圆，由运动椭圆导出表征质点运动的各种属性。通过对不同拾震器的协方差矩阵求平均，把上述方法扩展到了由多个三分向拾震器组成的台阵情况，这样，当噪声和地方散射效应不相关时，可使方差估计减小1／M(M为拾震器数)。此方法的一个重要特点是穿过台阵相干波前的相速度不需要有很高精度。数据分析的重要结果为：在整个短周期频带内，很好地确定了Pn和Sn的偏振；由Pn和Lg波动获得了源方位的估计及Sn和Lg波独特的偏振属性使得在多数情形下能把这些震相区别出来。     

乌兹别克斯坦东部地震预报实验场的地面倾斜异常信息

引言在我国及国外进行的实地及室验室研究证明了在地震破裂前的阶段形变场内存在异常变化〔１,２〕。但预报地震的现状离最终达到的目标还很遥远。从经常在震后回顾性分析中识别出前兆异常过渡到震前依据观测到的异常变化实施真实的地震预报是存在许多困难的。原因是对解题计算法的研究很薄弱,并缺乏可以判断某种预报计算法效能的准则。因此,为了客观评价前兆效应的信息量、揭示最稳定的证明地震孕育的标志、研究在各种观测条件下前兆的时空特征并编制预报计算法,就需要加工处理多年的动态观测资料,这已成为当前用形变方法预报地震的迫…     

亚马逊上空的烟雨云

人们观测到亚马逊森林大火的浓烟减小了云滴的大小,使降水产生延迟。因为清洁云在云底以上1．5km处就可以产生降水,而被污染的云中这个高度要抬升到5km以上．在火成云中就要到7km以上了。云中低层被抑止的降雨和气溶胶沉降使得水份和烟尘向高层输送,高层的云就像能卸下很多污染物的‘烟’。在抬高了的降雨启动高度上,由于相变触发的上升气流导致强的雷雨、大雹以及其他类似的云体突破云顶进入平流层,在平流层沉降的污染物和水汽的辐射效应对气候系统有深刻的影响。大气中激发的风暴在更高层释放出潜热,这就从本质上影响了区域和全球的环流系统。这些过程共同影响了水份循环、大气中污染物的分布以及大气环流的动力学特征。     

NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> change over China and its influences

A 3-D chemical transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of the increase of NOx emission over China. The model is capable to reproduce basically the seasonal variation of surface NOx and ozone over eastern China. NOx emission data and observations reveal that NOx over eastern China increases quite quickly with the economic development of China. Model results indicate that NOx concentration over eastern China increasingly rises with the increase of NOx emission over China, and accelerates to increase in winter. When the NOx emission increases from 1995 to its double, the ratio of NO2/NOx abruptly drops in winter over northern China. Ozone at the surface decreases in winter with the continual enhancement of the NOx level over eastern China, but increases over southern China in summertime. It is noticeable that peak ozone over northern China increases in summer although mean ozone changes little. In summer, ozone increases in the free troposphere dominantly below 500 hPa.Moreover, the increases of total ozone over eastern China are proportional to the increases of NOx emission.In a word, the model results suggest that the relationship between NOx and ozone at the surface would change with NOx increase.     

东印度洋水体输运的季节变化及相关盐度变化

利用20年（1992-2012年）的ECCO2模式模拟数据,主要研究了东印度洋（EIO）水体输运的季节变化.在EIO选取3个断面,分别为赤道、80°E和6°N.研究结果表明,跨赤道和80°E的季节输运主体部分大致相补偿.跨赤道的大部分水体输运局限在上层100 m,80°E的水体输运具有复杂结构,与显著的季风流、Wyrtki Jets（WJs）、赤道潜流（EUC）等有关.6°N上层水体净输运较小,但存在较强的边界流和相对较弱的内区流.纬向流的显著变化发生在80°E.在季风盛行季节,由于WJs减弱,赤道附近的水体输运以西向的梯度流为主,上层100 m的其余区域则主要受季风流控制.同样,由于EUC减弱,西向的梯度流与次表层东向的EUC之间也存在转换.在季风转换季节,季风流减弱,WJs与EUC分别在上层100 m和次表层占主导地位.此外,本研究还讨论了与季风流、WJs和EUC相关的盐水和暖水交换,有助于了解研究区域内温度和盐度的水平和垂直结构.     

Predicting June Mean Rainfall in the Middle/Lower Yangtze River Basin

We demonstrate that there is significant skill in the GloSea5 operational seasonal forecasting system for predicting June mean rainfall in the middle/lower Yangtze River basin up to four months in advance. Much of the rainfall in this region during June is contributed by the mei-yu rain band. We find that similar skill exists for predicting the East Asian summer monsoon index(EASMI) on monthly time scales, and that the latter could be used as a proxy to predict the regional rainfall. However, th...     

The 13th and 14th Workshops on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate

<正>1.Overview In July 2018, the Antarctic community came together to meet at the 13th Workshop on Antarctic Meteorology and Climate (WAMC) in Madison, Wisconsin, USA (Fig. 1); and in the following year in June 2019, the 14th WAMC was held in