2001年1月26日布季Mw7．6级地震的余震震源参数及构造含义

介绍并讨论了现代地震学时期发生的最大大陆板内地震的1000多次余震的空间分布。其数据是由8台便携式数字测震仪组成的台网在主震后17天开始用3周时间记录的。我们已计算了高质量的单一事件位置,所基于的是由这个地区震级为2-5 的地震确定的一维速度模型。余震定位揭示出活动集中在一个近东走向的向南倾斜的面上,呈梯形分布。活动带沿走向逐渐变短,从深度约为5 km的浅部长度约为45 km到 35 km的深度不足25 km。整个破裂区面积约为1300 km2。我们估计主震的静态应力降为16±2 MPa。余震扩展到几乎整个地壳,集中在10 km深的上地壳,和约26 km 深的下地克。断层破裂没有在地表出露,也不知道它在2001地震前是否是活断层。余震数据与布季主震一致,主震是由夭折裂谷的拉张作用形成的断层在收缩过程中的重新激活引起的。     

Estrogen pollution in a highly productive ecosystem off central-south Chile

While the presence of steroid estrogens in the environment has become a major environmental and health concern, their occurrence in coastal sediments remains poorly characterized. In this study, we measured the levels of three natural (estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol) and one synthetic (17α-ethinylestradiol) estrogens in 54 coastal sediment samples collected from nine locations off central-southern Chile. Steroid estrogens were found in every sample. Remarkably high levels of 17α-ethinylestradiol were detected, reaching up to 48.14 ng/g dry weight. As a result, the global estrogenic loads were estimated to be high at all sites. Interestingly, they were found to correlate with the size of human populations served by sewage plants. Our study indicates that 17α-ethinylestradiol may accumulate in coastal sediments. The possible impact of this highly potent synthetic estrogen on the biota of the marine ecosystem off central-south Chile and on human health remains an open question.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of heavy metal concentrations in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Baie des Chaleurs, New Brunswick, Canada

Previous studies on heavy metal contamination of the Baie des Chaleurs focus only on industrial centers and overlooked the ecosystem as a whole. To fill this gap, the objective of this study is to establish a baseline of the spatio-temporal distribution of heavy metals in mussels from the Baie des Chaleurs based on the ecosystem approach. Our results show, for the first time, a cadmium contamination in mussels across the south coast of the Baie des Chaleurs and not only in industrial centers. Our results also confirm previous studies showing heavy metal contamination of the Belledune area. This study demonstrates that the use of the ecosystemic approach is essential to obtain a comprehensive picture of environmental contamination in marine ecosystems.     

Metal concentrations in sediments and clams in four Moroccan estuaries

Metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe) were analyzed seasonally over three years in sediments and in tissues of the clam Scrobicularia plana in four Moroccan Atlantic estuaries: Loukkos, Sebou, Bou Regreg and Oum er Rbia. Of these metals, Cd was at the lowest concentrations in sediment. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and to a lesser extent Ni, in sediments suggest greater contamination in Sebou and Bou Regreg than in the other estuaries. The fluctuations of Mn and Fe concentrations in the fine surface sediments reflect their continental origin and show seasonal variations that indicate soil run-off following rain events. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, and especially Ni in clam tissues in these estuaries were generally higher than in some other common bioindicator bivalve species. The seasonal variations in S. plana's tissue metal concentrations are linked to patterns of reproductive activity for all metals except Cd and possibly Zn, whose tissue concentrations may be regulated. Mn and Fe concentrations in S. plana were positively correlated to sediment levels of these metals.     

记录到的强震加速度的傅氏幅值谱基于震级与局部土质、地质条件的经验标定(英文)

本文提供了强震加速度傅氏幅值谱的新的标定方程,用来表征基于土质和地质场地分类参数的局部场地条件。文中表明,土质与地质场地条件两者应同时应用于场地特定幅值谱的估计。     

Histopathological biomarkers in estuarine fish species for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants

The increasing emphasis on the assessment and monitoring of estuarine ecosystems has highlighted the need to deploy appropriate biological indices for these locations. Fish diseases and histopathology, with a broad range of causes, are increasingly being used as indicators of environmental stress since they provide a definite biological end-point of historical exposure. This study reports on the histopathological alterations observed in selected organs and tissues of three species of estuarine fish (Platichthys flesus, Pomatoschistus minutus and Zoarces viviparus), captured from four British estuaries (the Tyne, Tees, Mersey and Alde), differently impacted by contaminants, including PAHs. A biannual sampling regime was used to identify the important seasonal variations that occur in terms of the observed biological effects. Inflammatory lesions and hepatocellular fibrillar inclusions attained their highest prevalence in P. flesus captured from the Tyne, Tees and Mersey. The presence of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic toxicopathic lesions was highest in P. flesus captured from these sites, when compared to fish from the Aide reference site. In particular, the prevalence of hepatic foci of cellular alteration (up to 43.3%) and hepatocellular adenoma (up to 10%) were highest in P. flesus captured from the Mersey estuary. Intersex (ovotestis) was only recorded in male P.flesus captured from the Mersey estuary (up to 8.3%) and from male Z. viviparous captured from the Tyne estuary (25%). Pathologies associated with the gill and the kidney were also most prevalent in fish captured from the Tyne, Tees and Mersey estuaries. This study has successfully applied histopathology to an estuarine monitoring program, both for the recording of toxicopathic lesions in the liver and other organs, and for the detection of the endpoint of endocrine disruption, intersex. As such, it provides a powerful integrative tool for the assessment of biological effects of contaminants in these environments.     

西藏发现蛇绿岩套堆积岩和席状岩床群

蛇绿岩套完整剖面的岩石层序,据国外典型地区的文献报道,由下往上通常由变形橄榄岩、层状堆积岩(Layered Cumulate)、席状岩墙群(SheetedDikes)和枕状熔岩等层序组成。在枕状熔岩之上为一套表征深海环境的含放射虫燧石层。这套蛇绿岩组合及其层序常被视作古洋壳的代     

印度库奇地区地震复发研究

在仅约200年的时间跨度内库奇盆地就发生了2次大地震（M〉7．5），这对于稳定地块内部的地区来说十分罕见（图1）。哪些因素有可能造成该地区与其他地方的板块内环境不同？是其中的一些因素造成相对较短复发周期吗？构造演化历史能提供任何有关该板块内部区域独特性的线索吗？     

Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems

Biological invasions in marine environment are the lesser known aspect of global change. However, recent events which occurred in the Mediterranean Sea demonstrate that they represent a serious ecological and economical menace leading to biodiversity loss, ecosystem unbalancing, fishery and tourism impairment. In this paper we review marine bioinvasions using examples taken from the Mediterranean/Black Sea region. Particular attention is given to the environmental status of the receiving area as a fundamental pre-requisite for the colonisation success of alien species. The spread of the tropical algae belonging to the genus Caulerpa in the northwestern basin of the Mediterranean Sea has been facilitated by pre-existing conditions of instability of the Posidonia oceanica endemic ecosystem in relation to stress of both natural and anthropogenic origin. Human interventions caused long-term modification in the Black Sea environment, preparing a fertile ground for mass bioinvasion of aquatic nuisance species which, in some cases, altered the original equilibrium of the entire basin. Finally, the Venice lagoon is presented as the third example of an environment subjected to high propagule pressure and anthropogenic forcing and bearing the higher "diversity" of non-indigenous species compared to the other Mediterranean lagoons. Stressed environments are easily colonised by alien species; understanding the links between human and natural disturbance and massive development of non-indigenous species will help prevent marine bioinvasions, that are already favoured by global oceanic trade.     

河流和水井对地震的反应

地震引起的地壳形变和地面振动可通过地表沉积层的固结、固体岩石的破裂、含水层的变形以及裂隙填充物的清除改变河流和井水位。虽然局部条件会影响反应的类型和幅度，但报道水文对地震反应的观测报告说明，出现河流和井水位变化的最大距离与地震震级有关。地震引起的河流变化可在距震中几十到数百千米的区域内观察到，而井水位的变化可在距震中几百至几千千米的区域内出现。