空间扩散分析方法探讨

区域经济学指出:空间元素并不是以等同的,均匀的形式向周围地区扩散。通过分析区域内经济现象的空间扩散过程,我们可以发现:这种扩散过程是以某种特定的形式,而不是以随机的形式进行的,整个扩散过程是通过区域内人流、物流、信息流以及资金流来实现的。本文将通过经济元素的空间扩散过程的分析,介绍分析空间扩散形式的一种新的方法——空间倾向曲面。某一区域范围内,总有一点收入水准比周围地区高,并依次向周围地区递减。     

沙面温度对风蚀动力过程的影响

大量关于土壤可蚀性的研究证明,低温的沙面更易被风蚀。但大多研究以中低纬度低海拔地区为背景,建立的模型并不能完全适用于高海拔寒冷地区。我们使用青藏高原错那湖湖岸的地表沙,利用高低温实验箱调节沙面温度,开展了风洞模拟实验,量化了不同粒径、风速条件下风蚀率随沙面温度的变化关系,旨在分析地表温度对风蚀动力过程的影响及作用机制。结果表明：（1）沙面温度与风蚀率之间呈负线性相关,低温沙面更易被风蚀。这与空气温度影响风蚀过程的作用机理类似,即低温沙面可以增加近地表空气密度和气流拖曳力,使沙粒更容易起动,风蚀量也随之增大;另外,沙面与空气间的温差,会破坏大气稳定度,影响湍流强度,进而影响风蚀强度,这可能也是沙面温度影响风蚀过程的一种主要机制。（2）在自然情况下,寒冷沙面对水汽具有一定的冷凝效应,从而对沙粒的起动与风蚀过程起到抑制作用,而且这种冷凝效应,在低风速、粗颗粒沙面上表现得更为明显。（3）高温沙面可以在一定程度上抑制风蚀。作为影响高寒地区风力侵蚀过程的重要自然因素,沙面温度对青藏高原典型风沙区的风蚀过程起到了重要的控制作用。     

Trials and tribulations of playing the devil’s advocate

Beginning with his student days at school and college, the author describes his training at Cambridge with special emphasis on his mentor Fred Hoyle. His early experience of participating in a controversy at Cambridge played a major role in giving him the confidence to defend his scientific ideas. All through his later life he chose areas that were not part of mainstream research. These included the steady state theory and later the quasi steady state cosmology, action at a distance, noncosmological redshifts, quantum conformal cosmology, etc. After being a founding member of the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy(IOTA) at Cambridge, the author joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research(TIFR) in Mumbai and later moved to Pune to set up the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics(IUCAA). He briefly reviews his own work and ends by pointing out the difficulties a non-conformist scientist faces in his professional life. In the conclusion, he mentions his interests in science popularization and science fiction for which he has won awards and appreciation, including UNESCO’s Kalinga Prize.     

Perceptions of climate change in China: The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem oI worlOwloe rater- est. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is nec- essary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.     

晚白垩世全球性大洋滞流幕

通过对北大西洋深海钻探计划(DSDP)钻孔的地层和有机地球化学资料的复查校正,证明在点105、107、367、386、398、549和551处存在有CTBSH层(CTBSH为Cenomanian-Turonian Black Shale Horizon之缩写,即西诺曼期—土伦期黑色页岩层)。这套沉积物通常含黄铁矿或磷酸盐,或者两者都含,其层厚为1毫米或小于1毫米的纹层。它的总有机炭含量(TOC—Total Organic Carbon之缩写,即总有机炭)大于2%,平均值一般为10%,最大值可达30%,所含有机质主要是海相成因的。     

基于格尔木沙漠场景的MODIS传感器在轨辐射定标

高精度在轨辐射定标对于卫星遥感定量化产品生产至关重要。本文基于格尔木沙漠场景,通过星地同步实验,获取场地定标所需参数,在考虑地表双向反射特性后,结合6S辐射传输方程,完成对MODIS/Terra和MODIS/Aqua传感器的在轨辐射定标。结果表明,本文获得的蓝、绿、红和近红外波段定标结果与MODIS官方公布的星上定标结果具有较高的一致性,最大相对差异优于6.68%,这将为我国新建辐射定标场地提供重要信息支持。     

间接DGM(1,1)模型在基坑沉降预测中的应用

选取某一基坑沉降监测点,该点11个周期的累计沉降量为近似非齐次指数增长序列,以Java为工具对该点进行编程计算,得到GM(1,1)、DGM(1,1)、间接DGM(1,1)3种模型的基坑沉降预测结果。对比分析发现,间接DGM(1,1)模型精度高于GM(1,1)和DGM(1,1)模型,其C值仅为0.01,且残差值增加缓慢,近似于一条水平线,实测值与预测值非常接近,适用范围广,弥补了另两种模型不能进行长期预测的缺憾。     

武昌路隧道洞口变形监测实施探讨

以武昌路隧道洞口监测为例,从沉降、水平位移、倾斜和收敛等方面进行科学监测分析和研究,掌握建筑物关键位置的位移与变形,为科学决策提供可靠的数据和必要的依据,在文物建筑的科学保护和技术应用方面进行探讨。     

Landsat8 OLI数据斑岩铜矿遥感蚀变矿物组合提取研究

Landsat8 OLI数据NIR波段(0. 845~0. 885μm)和SWIR2波段(2. 100~2. 300μm)波谱分辨率的提高,已分别成为含Fe~(3+)类、Al-OH类和Mg-OH类蚀变矿物的诊断性谱段。通过利用混合调制匹配滤波(mixture tuned matched filtering,MTMF)方法,开展多龙矿集区铁格隆远景区含Fe~(3+)类、Al-OH类和Mg-OH类蚀变矿物信息提取研究,并与Hyperion数据蚀变矿物信息提取结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,基于Landsat8 OLI提取的3类蚀变矿物较为可靠;铁格隆远景区蚀变矿物组合的空间分布与斑岩铜矿经典蚀变分带特征基本吻合;遥感蚀变分带由内而外分别为绢英岩化+泥化带(Al-OH类蚀变矿物)和青磐岩化带(Mg-OH类蚀变矿物),Fe~(3+)矿物组合则分布在绢英岩化+泥化带和青磐岩化带之间或过渡带上。     

Acquisition of Directional Parameters in Aerial Images Based on DEM Data

1　Extraction of the steep curve mapThe steep curve is defined as connection linefrom zero cross points which are produced fromthe convolution of Laplace ( LOG) filtration toDEM. Firstly, the elevation data from DEM areprocessed with LOG convolution and zero cross.The sampling formula is 2G(i,j) =12πσ6(r2 -2σ2)e-r2/2σ2 (1)where -M≤i≤M,-M≤j≤M,r2=i2+j2; M isthe filtration radius, nearly equaling to 5.1σ2; pre diction errorσis set to 4. Suppose that e[i,j] is asmall …