冻融循环对土结构性影响的机理与定量研究方法

冻融循环对不同土的结构性具有不同的影响效果,通过探讨冻融循环对土结构性影响的机理,认为土的三相组成是水分相变和水分迁移的基础;在冻融过程中,土的三相比例与分布在不断地发生变化,导致土的结构性随冻融循环发生改变.对土的结构性要素进行了讨论,建立了适于定量分析的结构性要素层次划分体系,定义"冻融结构势"作为土体结构性的定量参数,提出用结构性要素在冻融循环过程中的变化率来估计土体的损伤比,初步探索了冻融循环对土结构性影响的定量研究方法.     

Long-term strength attenuation characteristics and yield criterion of frozen soil北大核心CSCD

Frozen soil is generally regarded as a strongly rheological geomaterial. The strength attenuation of frozen soil is an important inducement for disease and instability in subgrade engineering, pile engineering and artificial freezing construction. Few efforts have been made to investigate the attenuation characteristics of strength envelope surface for frozen soil under complex stress states experimentally and theoretically. Considering this, at a temperature of -6 ℃, a series of triaxial stress relaxation tests under various confining pressures were carried out on the frozen subgrade soil specimens at strength points. The degeneration of strength parameters and stress attenuation process of frozen soil under complex stress states were systematically studied. The degradation law and mechanism of cohesion and internal friction angle are synchronously revealed in the stress relaxation process. Testing results indicate that the stress relaxation process of compacted frozen soil is significantly influenced by confining pressure. The stress relaxation ratio is increasing linearly with the rise of confining pressure if the confining pressure is beyond 1. 5 MPa. The anti-relaxation ability of frozen soil is greatly reduced during high confining pressure conditions:the stress relaxation ratio of frozen soil is only 41. 94% under 1. 5 MPa, but exceeds 90. 30% under 16 MPa. The strength of frozen soil attenuates linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. When the confining pressure is higher than 1. 5 MPa, the strength attenuation rate of frozen soil increases with the rise of confining pressure. As the development of stress relaxation of frozen soil, cohesion decreases linearly but internal friction angle increases linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. It manifested that the cementation in frozen soil shows evident rheological features and it is a key inducement for strength attenuation. Moreover, the attenuation law and value of cohesion in frozen soil which is measured by triaxial stress relaxation test are similar to the spherical template indenter test results. This may provide a new test method for obtaining the long-term strength and cohesion of frozen soil. On the basis of test results, the stress states of frozen soil in all stress relaxation curves at 12 relaxation durations were captured, and the rate-dependent variation characteristics of strength envelope in p-q stress space were analyzed in detail. Under high confining pressures, the strength envelope of frozen soil shows different geometric features as time goes on. In addition to the decline of level, the strength surface exhibits clockwise rotation with time, and the third stage sharply decreases at first and then becomes flat. Based on the analysis of characteristics of experimental strength surface and evolution law of strength parameters during the stress relaxation process, a rate-dependent strength theory for frozen soil considering the stress relaxation effect is established in this paper. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

中国地层土冻结技术研究的回顾与展望

The method of artificial ground freezing will be used extensively with the increase of underground construction. Great attention has being paid to the research and its application. The developmentsof ground freezing research in China are reviewed here. The state-of-art and prospect of ground freezingresearch are analyzed.     

青藏铁路适应气候变化的筑路工程技术

 气候变化对高温高含冰量冻土影响显著，因此，青藏铁路穿越多年冻土地区的筑路工程设计必须考虑未来气候变化的影响。为了减缓、适应气候变化的影响，解决高温高含冰量路基稳定性问题，修建青藏铁路时提出了冷却路基、降低多年冻土温度的设计新思想。该筑路工程技术通过采用调控热的传导、辐射和对流以及综合调控措施达到降低多年冻土温度、适应气候变化的目的，最大限度地确保多年冻土区路基的稳定性。     

多年冻土区管道通风路基温度边界条件及温度场实测研究

管道通风路基在多年冻土地区是一种良好的主动保护冻土工程措施,但在应用数值方法研究其长期效果中,对边界条件的选取存在着困难,已有的计算结果也缺乏实体工程的验证.基于青藏铁路北麓河实体试验工程,对通风管中气温以及管壁温度进行了分析和拟合.结果表明:通风管中气温年平均值普遍高于环境气温,平均高出1.6~1.8℃,但在正温期管中气温与环境气温的最高值相差不大(<1℃),而负温期相差较大(达到2℃);路基阳坡面下0.5 m深度地温高于阴坡面3.5~5.5℃.普通路基填筑后在抬升多年上限的同时,也升高了上限附近的地温,且地温场在整个范围内表现出横向上显著的不对称性.通风路基可以对下伏多年冻土起到良好的主动保护作用,表现为冻土上限的抬升和地温的降低.但通风管埋设位置较高的情况下,路基地温场横向不对称范围涉及到原地面以下.降低通风管的埋设高度的情况下,边坡面换热导致的温度横向不对称范围被限制在通风管以上的土体中,而下部土体温度场横向不对称性将得到极大改善.     

分级循环荷载作用下冻土动应变幅值的试验研究

通过低温动三轴试验,采用分级加载方式逐级施加动荷载,对不同加载频率、围压和负温条件下青藏冻结黏土和兰州黄土的动应变幅值变化特征进行了试验研究。结果表明,同一级荷载作用下,动应变幅值随振次的增加基本不变,可以采用平均值来反映各级加载下的动应变幅值;不同加载频率、围压和温度条件下,动应变幅值随动应力幅值的变化规律相同,即随着动应力幅值的增加,动应变幅值逐渐增大;动应变幅值随加载频率的增加而减小,但减小的速率逐渐降低,动应变幅值最终趋于一稳定值,对于青藏黏土和兰州黄土,该稳定值均随加载级数的增加而增加;随着围压的增加,青藏黏土的动应变幅值变化不大,而兰州黄土的动应变幅值呈逐渐减小的趋势;动应变幅值随温度的降低而减小。动应力幅值对动应变幅值的影响最大,动荷载振动频率的影响次之,温度的影响第三,围压的影响最小。     

多年冻土区块、碎石护坡冷却作用的对比研究

基于青藏铁路北麓河试验段块、碎石护坡路基阳坡坡中孔的地温观测资料, 分析了块、碎石护坡下的温度变化过程及进入块、碎石层下部土体的热收支情况. 结果表明: 观测期内块石层下平均温度低于碎石层下平均温度, 而块石层下温度波幅大于碎石层下温度波幅. 块石层下最大融化深度有明显的抬升, 这种抬升得益于冷季块石层内空气较强的对流冷却作用. 从进入块、碎石层下部土体的热收支情况来看, 块石层较碎石层具有更好的冷却作用.     

养分含量对土壤冻融特征曲线的影响

土壤冻融特征曲线是反映土壤冻融过程中的水、热、盐迁移规律以及冻土强度、冻土的热性质的重要参数. 为了研究土壤冻融过程中土壤养分的迁移规律, 采用核磁共振法对加入不同浓度的硫酸铵溶液、磷酸二氢钾溶液和氯化钾溶液的土样的冻融特征曲线进行了测定和分析. 结果表明磷酸二氢钾溶液对土壤的冻融特征曲线影响不明显, 氯化钾溶液的影响最明显, 硫酸铵溶液的影响次之. 加入氯化钾溶液的部分试样, 以及加入硫酸铵溶液的部分试样的冻融特征曲线出现了二次突变点. 滞后现象普遍存在于各个试样的冻融特征曲线中, 滞后明显区间所处的温度范围随所加入的溶液浓度的增高而降低. 当加入试样的溶液浓度相同时, 加入氯化钾溶液的滞后明显区间所处的温度范围最低, 加入硫酸铵溶液的次之, 加入磷酸二氢钾溶液的最高.     

用NMR法验证在冻土中TDR标定曲线的可靠性

TDR技术是一种较新的测定冻土中未冻水含量的方法, 它有很多优点, 但是由于TDR技术应用于冻土中测定未冻水含量起步较晚, 其可靠性有待于进一步验证. NMR技术是一种较成熟的测定冻土中未冻水含量的方法. 通过应用NMR和TDR两种方法对不同初始含水率下的棕壤土冻融特征曲线的测定, 对TDR法的标定曲线的可靠性进行了验证. 结果表明: 采用TDR法与NMR法测得的冻融特征曲线明显不同, 在相同负温下前者的测定值高于后者, 且其差异随初始含水率增高而加大; NMR法的测定结果表明, 初始含水率对冻融特征曲线的影响很小; 而TDR法的测定结果表明, 由TDR法测得的冻融特征曲线, 受初始含水率影响很大, 随初始含水率的升高而明显加大. 这表明含冰率和温度对冻土的介电常数影响很大, 因此, 采用TDR法测定冻土的未冻水含量时不宜采用原有的标定曲线.     

寒区输油管道基于应变设计的极限状态研究

寒区输油管线沿线地质环境复杂,滑坡、冻胀、融沉等自然灾害会导致管道形成大差异变形量.而差异变形量所引起的应力应变行为直接影响管道的安全服役性能,严重时会使管道破坏失效.基于寒区输油管道在实际服役工况下的受力变形条件,充分考虑冻胀效应、油压效应和热应力效应对输油管道的影响,分析了不同长度、壁厚、油压条件下轴向拉伸应变的分布规律及其影响因素.基于轴向应变设计理论准则,建立了上述条件下输油管道的极限服役状态,得到了对应状态下输油管道的许应最大极限冻胀变形量.结果分析表明,采用基于应力的设计准则偏保守,采用基于轴向应变的设计准则能更多的利用管材的变形性能.可为管道的合理设计、安全评价、完整性管理提供一定的理论参考.