特高坝地基深大断裂活动性与筑坝工程地质问题研究

某拟建水电站为高坝大库,挡水建筑物系200m级碾压混凝土重力坝,系我国在境外投资建设的重大能源项目之一。该水电站位于一条区域性的深大断裂（F₄断裂）上,该断裂的活动性以及涉及的筑坝技术可行性为本工程的重大技术课题,关乎水电站成立与否的关键。为此开展了区域地震地质调查、物探、钻探、硐探、断裂物质测龄以及岩土物理力学性质现场和室内测试等大量工作,研究表明:（1）该断裂地震活动微弱,最新活动年龄14.2万～79.8万年,是一条晚更新世以来不活动的断裂,为非活动断层;（2）F₄断裂对水坝建设存在影响的部位主要为碎裂岩带和F_4-1、F_4-2断层,其中微新碎裂岩多为Ⅲ_1B类岩体,仅F_4-2断层下盘影响带内的碎裂岩岩体为Ⅳ_1B类岩体,F_4-1、F_4-2断层带工程性质差,为Ⅴ类岩体,是坝基最软弱的部位;（3）在F₄断裂带上筑坝,建库后诱发构造型水库地震的可能性小,存在的主要工程地质问题为坝基变形和渗漏、渗透稳定问题,可通过适当深挖,并结合回填混凝土塞、固结灌浆、加深加密帷幕孔以及增加帷幕排数等工程措施予以处理。因此,F₄断裂带上可以兴建水电站工程,筑坝技术可行。结果可为该水电站设计、施工提供技术依据,为类似工程提供技术参考。     

Provenance Study of Fe–Ti Oxide Minerals in the Quaternary Sediments in Yichang Area and Its Implication of Formation Time of the Yangtze Three Gorges, China

The Three Gorges are considered to be critical to understand the formation of Yangtze River. Recent research results suggest that the Yangtze Three Gorges was created during the Quaternary but the exact time is debatable. Fe–Ti oxide minerals are seldom used to study sediment provenance, expecially using scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS). In this study, the provenance of Quaternary sediments in Yichang area, which is located to the east of the Yangtze Three Gorges, was investigated by using SEM and EDS to research Fe–Ti oxides. The Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite and Emeishan basalt outcrop are located to the west of the Three Gorges. Further, the materials from them are observed in the Quaternary sediments of Yichang area. Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite are observed in the Yunchi and Shanxiyao Formations, which were formed before 0.75 Ma B.P., whereas Fe–Ti oxide minerals from the Huangling granite, Panzhihua vanadium titanomagnetite, and Emeishan basalt are observed in the riverbed and fifth-terrace sediments of the Yangtze River, which were formed after 0.73 Ma B.P.. Thus, we can infer that the Three Gorges formed after the deposition of the Shanxi Formation and before the fifth-terrace; i.e., 0.75–0.73 Ma B.P..     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷致密油储层纳米孔隙特征及其含油性

纳米技术在非常规油气致密储层微观孔隙结构表征、油气赋存等研究中发挥着重要的作用.以准噶尔盆地东部吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层为例,综合运用高压压汞分析、场发射扫描电镜及纳米CT扫描等纳米分析技术,对吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组致密油储层微纳米孔隙特征与结构进行研究,并结合宏微观特征分析了原油在孔隙中的赋存状态.结果表明:吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组储层为中低孔、特低渗储层,孔隙以微纳米级为主,类型多样,主要有粒间孔（隙）、粒间溶孔、晶间孔及微裂隙等,纳米孔隙是吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组致密油储层主要储集空间之一,纳米孔隙中普遍含油,且多以吸附状态存在,赋存在纳米孔隙中的油气,改变了微米级孔隙是油气储层唯一微观孔隙的传统认识,是未来石油工业的发展方向.      

间接DGM(1,1)模型在基坑沉降预测中的应用

选取某一基坑沉降监测点,该点11个周期的累计沉降量为近似非齐次指数增长序列,以Java为工具对该点进行编程计算,得到GM(1,1)、DGM(1,1)、间接DGM(1,1)3种模型的基坑沉降预测结果。对比分析发现,间接DGM(1,1)模型精度高于GM(1,1)和DGM(1,1)模型,其C值仅为0.01,且残差值增加缓慢,近似于一条水平线,实测值与预测值非常接近,适用范围广,弥补了另两种模型不能进行长期预测的缺憾。     

新疆卡鲁安硬岩型锂矿床成矿流体性质：来自He—Ar同位素证据

卡鲁安锂矿床位于新疆北部的阿尔泰造山带,是以锂辉石为主要矿石矿物的硬岩型锂矿床。前人对该矿床的岩石成因、成矿机制及构造背景已经有了初步的认识,但对该矿区内成矿流体的研究仍是空白,这将在一定程度上影响对矿床成因的认识。本文通过分析卡鲁安伟晶岩中锂辉石和石英流体包裹体He、Ar同位素组成,对成矿流体进行示踪研究。研究表明,含矿伟晶岩的n(3He) /n(4He) 为0. 25~3.19 Ra（平均0.97 Ra）,无矿伟晶岩与外围伟晶岩n(3He) /n(4He)为0.13~5.32 Ra（平均1.13 Ra）,均介于壳源与幔源He之间。根据成矿流体的壳幔二元混合模式进行计算：含矿伟晶岩中的地幔流体比例为3.55% ~ 48.92%,平均值为14.67%;无矿伟晶岩与外围伟晶岩地幔流体占比为1.70% ~ 81.79%,平均值为17.13%。含矿伟晶岩成矿流体的n(40Ar) /n(36Ar)为552.50~13353. 00,n(40Ar*)相对含量为46.52% ~ 97.79%,平均值为87.25%,大气的Ar贡献平均为12.75%。分析结果显示,成矿流体主要以壳源流体为主,部分幔源流体和改造型饱和大气水的混合流体,随着成矿作用的进行,地幔He与大气饱和水改造Ar皆有所减少。值得注意的是卡鲁安锂矿床成矿流体中幔源物质并非真的来自于地幔物质上侵,更有可能是来源于元古代的不成熟陆壳熔融。新疆卡鲁安锂矿床形成于陆—陆碰撞造山作用晚期的后碰撞造山阶段,造山后期的伸展导致含幔源物质的古老地壳与年轻地壳减压熔融,熔融所形成的岩浆流体随后经大气降水改造为成矿流体。     

新疆卡鲁安硬岩型锂矿床成矿流体性质：来自He—Ar同位素证据

卡鲁安锂矿床位于新疆北部的阿尔泰造山带,是以锂辉石为主要矿石矿物的硬岩型锂矿床。前人对该矿床的岩石成因、成矿机制及构造背景已经有了初步的认识,但对该矿区内成矿流体的研究仍是空白,这将在一定程度上影响对矿床成因的认识。本文通过分析卡鲁安伟晶岩中锂辉石和石英流体包裹体He、Ar同位素组成,对成矿流体进行示踪研究。研究表明,含矿伟晶岩的n(3He) /n(4He) 为0. 25~3.19 Ra（平均0.97 Ra）,无矿伟晶岩与外围伟晶岩n(3He) /n(4He) 为0.13~5.32 Ra（平均1.13 Ra）,均介于壳源与幔源He之间。根据成矿流体的壳幔二元混合模式进行计算：含矿伟晶岩中的地幔流体比例为3.55% ~ 48.92%,平均值为14.67%;无矿伟晶岩与外围伟晶岩地幔流体占比为1.70% ~ 81.79%,平均值为17.13%。含矿伟晶岩成矿流体的n(40Ar) /n(36Ar)为552.50~13353. 00,n(40Ar*)相对含量为46.52% ~ 97.79%,平均值为87.25%,大气的Ar贡献平均为12.75%。分析结果显示,成矿流体主要以壳源流体为主,部分幔源流体和改造型饱和大气水的混合流体,随着成矿作用的进行,地幔He与大气饱和水改造Ar皆有所减少。值得注意的是卡鲁安锂矿床成矿流体中幔源物质并非真的来自于地幔物质上侵,更有可能是来源于元古代的不成熟陆壳熔融。新疆卡鲁安锂矿床形成于陆—陆碰撞造山作用晚期的后碰撞造山阶段,造山后期的伸展导致含幔源物质的古老地壳与年轻地壳减压熔融,熔融所形成的岩浆流体随后经大气降水改造为成矿流体。     

冻融循环下含节理类岩石试样剪切破坏特性

为探究冻融循环对节理岩石抗剪力学特性的影响,针对冻融循环前后不同连通率节理岩石试样进行剪切特性试验,探究了节理试样的剪切破坏机制,对比分析了冻融前后节理试样抗剪强度的衰减趋势,分析了黏聚力及内摩擦角随岩石试样剪切破坏面分形维数的变化规律。结果表明：随冻融循环次数的增加,节理试样剪切应力-位移曲线发生显著变化,峰值剪应力出现明显下降,黏聚力及内摩擦角对比冻融前试样出现明显劣化,并且随节理试样连通率的增加,劣化程度加剧;在节理连通率相同时,随冻融循环次数的增加,剪切破坏面的分形维数呈现近指数函数递增的趋势,随分形维数的增加,节理试样的黏聚力损伤因子、内摩擦损伤因子也呈现指数函数增加的趋势;在冻融循环次数相同时,内摩擦角损伤因子随节理连通率的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,而黏聚力损伤因子在冻融循环次数为30次前后分别呈递增和先减后增的趋势。     

High-pressure phase transformation of carbonate malachite Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 driven by [CuO6] regularization and [CO3] rotation

High-pressure synchrotron X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectroscopy have been employed to study the crystal chemistry and phase transitions in an[OH]-bearing carbonate,malachite Cu2(CO₃)(OH)₂,to determine the effect of[OH]on the stability of carbonate.We found that the crystal structure of malachite is stabilized by a high degree of[CuO₆]-octahedron distortion,as is manifested by large variations in Cu–O bond lengths resulting from oxygen atoms that connect to hydrogen at crystallographically different sites.External pressure offsets the effect of hydrogen bond,promotes[CuO₆]compression and regularization and accordingly[CO₃]rotation.Rotation of[CO₃]-triangles,in turn,assists in a conversion in the crystal orientation of the[CuO₆]structural unit.During compression to above~6 GPa,malachite begins to turn into the rosasite lattice,accompanied with a jump in density of 3.3%.Rosasite is characterized with a hardened lattice and preserves to the maximum pressure(18.2 GPa)of the present study.Phase transformation mechanism of malachite to rosasite is different from that of carbonates,with the latter being driven by an almost uniform compression of[MO₆]-octahedron(M=Ca,Cd,Mn,Fe,Zn,Mg,etc.)and rotation/translation of[CO₃]-triangle under pressure.