中国气候异常变化与ENSO准四年循环的联系分析

从月资料分析入手，分析了中国大陆地区的降水和气温异常与ENSO的联系。首先用REOF方法对降水和气温的变化进行分区分析，并讨论其年际变化特点。然后对降水和海温场、气温和海温场分别进行CSVD分析，讨论了在ENSO准四年循环的不同位相上，气温和降水的异常变化情况。结果表明：（1)在ElNino期间，我国东部地区，尤其是东北、长江中下游的江南地区降水偏多，容易发生洪涝，华北地区、黄河流域尤其是中部降水偏少，可能发生干旱。其中长江中下游的南部降水与赤道中东太平洋海温在准四年变化上关系密切，当中东太平洋海温达到最高值后约3个月，长江中下游的南部降水出现最大正距平。(2)在ElNino期间，东北容易出现低温天气，而其它地区尤其是河套地区及西南南部易出现高温天气。其中东北地区气温变化与赤道中东太平洋海温在准四年变化上关系密切，当中东太平洋海温达到最高值后约2个月，东北气温的负距平出现最低。LaNina阶段，情况与前述相反。     

用水汽输送表征的东亚副热带夏季风指数研究

利用1971～2000年NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料及同期中国站点降水资料,在讨论水汽输送的气候特征及逐候演变的基础上,用整层积分的经向水汽输送定义了一个副热带夏季风指数。研究结果表明,对110～120°E纬向平均的水汽输送通量而言,其逐候演变可反映出东亚夏季风的进退过程。定义的水汽输送指数可表征夏季风的异常变化特征,高（低）指数年对应的副热带季风偏强（弱）;该指数与长江中下游夏季降水存在高度的同期正相关,高（低）指数对长江中下游夏季降水的多（少）有较强的分辨能力。此外,来自西太平洋经南海北上的水汽与北方冷空气在长江中下游的辐合很可能是造成长江中下游异常降水偏多的原因。     

《中日亚洲季风机制合作研究计划》青藏高原观测研究概况

详细介绍了自１９９３年开始以来《中日亚洲季风机制合作研究计划》在青藏高原上观测研究的一些基本情况。包括三个部分：观测仪器的特点、观测环境的气候特征和观测项目（要素）；观测资料的特点；部分观测资料的初步分析结果介绍     

On Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Air-Sea System

From the COADS (Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) I and the COADS II, we got a monthly data set of sea surface temperature (SST), zonal and meridional wind components at sea level (U,V) and sea level pressure (SLP) with 4°× 4° grid system covering the period from Jan. 1950 to Dec. 1987 to study the evolutional features of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the air-sea system. The analytic method of complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) is used to obtain the composite temporal sequences of amplitude (six phases for half a period) for the first and the second main components of SST, U, V and SLP. It is shown from the results that the main characteristics for different phases of the sea surface temperature anomaly's (SSTA) QBO are warm water / cold water in the equator of the eastern Pacific (EEP). There are two warm or cold water centers of the SSTA in the EEP, which are located in the equator of the central Pacific (ECP) and the east part of the EEP. The features of the source propa     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE SEASONAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL OCEAN AND THE EL NINO PROCESS——PART Ⅱ:NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON THE 1972—1973 EL NINO PROCESS

In Part Ⅰ,the climatological state of the ocean has been simulated by integrating a 6-layer,4°×5°grid global oceanmodel up to 100 years.In this part,the forcing in 1971—1973 is calculated by COADS,and using the integrated result ofthe 100th year as the initial state,we simulated the El Nino process in 1972—1973.The results are as follows:(1)We have reproduced the 1972—1973 El Nino process and its cooling process in the equatorial eastern Pacific.The simulated distribution of SST and the intensity of El Nino are similar to the observations.(2)The results show that there are two kinds of processes in El Nino formation:(i)the warming occurs in the equa-torial western Pacific,then propagates eastward to the central Pacific;(ii)the warm water forms near the coast of theSouth America and then,propagates westward along the equator.Observation indicates that the two processes were in-cluded in the El Nino in 1972.Our numerical experiment can simulate out both of them,although the first process isstronger than the second.In observation,the intensities of both processes are similar.(3)The El Nino process in 1972 can be simulated by running the model with the wind stress forcing,but its intensityis 1/2 the magnitude of observation.Only after adding the forcing of heat flux to run the model,its intensity can coin-cide with the observation.So the forcing effect of heat flux should not be ignored in the formation of El Nino,especiallyin the study of El Nino intensity.     

青藏高原近地面层特征的初步分析

利用西藏日喀则、那曲１９９３年７月至１９９４年４月近地面层梯度观测资料，采用近地面层相似理论方法，计算了观测期间地面粗糙度、平均曳力系数、平均动量通量、平均感热通量和平均湍流系数，讨论了它们与稳定度的关系，给出了日变化个例。     

EFFECTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC COLD SOURCE OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE QUASI 4-YEAR OSCILLATION OF OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC-LAND INTERACTION

Using correlation analyses, composite analyses, and singular value decomposition, the relationship between the atmospheric cold source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric/ocean circulation is discussed. In winter, the anomaly of the strong (weak) atmospheric cold source over the eastern plateau causes low-level anomalous north (south) winds to appear in eastern China and low-level anomaly zonal west (east) winds to prevail in the equatorial Pacific from spring to autumn. This contributes to the anomalous warm (cold) sea surface temperature the following autumn and winter. In addition, the anomalous variation of sea surface temperature over the equatorial middle and eastern Pacific in winter can influence the snow depth and intensity of the cold source over the plateau in the following winter due to variation of the summer west Pacific subtropical high.     

末次冰期冰盛期中国地区水循环因子变化的模拟研究

ISCCP卫星资料(1983—2006年)的结果显示:青藏高原地区是高云的高值中心;而以四川为中心直到同纬度的中国东南沿海地区是中云的高值区,同时,青藏高原地区是中云的低值中心。利用全球气候模式CCM3嵌套区域模式MM5模拟了现代和末次冰期冰盛期的气候。MM5模拟的结果与ISCCP的卫星资料对比表明:模拟结果再现了中国地区高云和中云分布的主要特征。这暗示云分布的气候特征可能主要由相对湿度决定。同时,通过MM5的结果与NCEP资料的对比也说明,模式可以较好地模拟水汽和温度的垂直分布。在此基础上,研究了末次冰期冰盛期水循环因子的变化。模拟结果显示:末次冰期冰盛期夏季对流层的温度降低,在对流层中上层存在温度降低的中心;而在冬季在南方的对流层中层存在降温中心,在北方的对流层中上层温度升高。大气中水汽含量与温度变化有很好的正相关,除了冬季北方对流层中上层水汽增加外,水汽含量一般降低,而且在近地层降低的最多,随高度增高水汽变化逐渐变小。但是,水汽的相对变化在对流层上层存在降低的高值中心。相对湿度存在变化,最大的变化超过15%,而且有增加,也有减少。在区域尺度相对湿度不是保守的。相对湿度变化与中云和低云的变化一致。在末次冰期冰盛期,中国地区高云量减少,除中国西南地区外,中云和低云量减少,低云量减少的最多。降水的变化与中云和低云的变化相对应,云量增加降水增加,云量减少降水也减少。从相对湿度和有效降水可以看到在西南地区末次冰期冰盛期变得潮湿,在夏季西北地区也变得潮湿。     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM. Ⅱ： Influence of Change of Land Area,Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China. Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed significantly. These changes have significant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation backgrou     

1998年夏季亚洲地区低频大气环流的特征及其与长江中下游降水的关系

利用日本GAME资料、TRMM卫星资料及中国730站降水资料研究了1998年夏季亚洲地区对流层至平流层低频振荡(LFO)的传播特征及该年长江中下游夏季降水变化的LFO型,结果表明:1998年5-8月,在青藏高原经纬度上,对流层LFO的东西向传播特征与季节变化有关.在东西方向上,高原和东亚大陆雨季开始前,LFO以向东传播为主;在雨季开始后,LFO以向西传播为主.南北方向上,LFO的传播在雨季前后基本一致,高原南北两侧均向高原传播.在南北方向上,青藏高原是LFO的汇;而在东西方向上,高原西部只在雨季开始后是LFO加强区,使西传进入高原的LFO继续西传.整个大气层以对流层顶(100 hPa)LFO最强,进入平流层LFO迅速减弱.1998年夏季长江中下游降水存在两次明显的LFO循环,我们根据两次降水LFO各位相合成分析了降水、500和100 hPa LFO环流以及沿30°N LFO垂直环流.结果表明:来自西伯利亚向南传播和来自孟加拉湾及南海向北传播的LFO气旋(降水谷值期)和反气旋(降水峰值期)形成了高原东部上空LFO气旋(降水谷值期)和反气旋(降水峰值期)以及来自中纬度西太平洋南下西移经日本、黄海到达中国大陆东部海洋上空的LFO反气旋(降水谷值期)和气旋(降水峰值期)的共同作用造成了长江中下游地区强烈的下沉(降水谷值期)和上升(降水峰值期),形成长江中下游降水LFO谷值期和峰值期.