南极冰架研究现状与埃默里冰架研究展望

南极冰架是揭示南极地区气候变化机制,预测全球气候变化的关键研究区域之一。概述了20世纪以来针对南极冰架所开展的科学研究工作,分别从冰架物质平衡过程、冰架形态特征及其内部结构监测、冰架海底海洋岩芯的沉积特征和冰架附近海域生态系统演化等方面总结了冰架研究所取得的丰硕成果。介绍了中国近几年在东南极洲埃默里冰架进行的科学考察活动,并依据南极冰架研究的国际未来计划提出了中国在埃默里冰架即将继续开展的研究工作。     

长江口滨岸湿地沉积物对上覆水体中无机氮的净化能力估算

Estuarine wetlands serve as a natural barrier to remove the land-generated pollut-ants and attenuate the pollutant load from the land to the sea. As one of the most important estuarine wetlands, the Yangtze estuarine wetlands have attracted particular interests in the biogeochemical studies of nutrients. The objectives of this study were to characterize the seasonal and spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) fluxes across the sediment-water interface; to calculate the total DIN fluxes in a year and different seasons; and to evaluate the DIN removing capability of the sediment in the tidal wetlands of the Yangtze Estuary. The spatial distribution of DIN fluxes shows complicated seasonal variations and spatial differences. The annual DIN fluxes range from -22.22 mmol N m-2 h-1 to 19.54 mmolN m-2 h-1, with an average of -1.48±1.34 mmol N m-2 h-1. The tidal wetlands in the Yangtze Estuary behave as a source of water DIN in spring when DIN is released from sediment into overlying water, and the released amount of DIN is 1.33×104 tons of nitrogen (T N). In sum-mer, autumn and winter, the sediment absorbs the DIN from the overlying water, and the absorbed amounts of DIN are 4.36×104 T N, 6.81×104 T N and 2.24×104 T N, respectively. The average amount of DIN in overlying water of the Yangtze Estuary is 52.6×104 T N yr-1, and the perennial average amount of DIN absorbed from the overlying water by the sediment is 12.1×104 T N yr-1. The annual DIN elimination rate of the tidal wetlands was 23.0%.     

长江口潮滩环境信息系统功能设计研究

该文在对长江口潮滩环境信息系统研究紧迫性分析的基础上,总结了长江口潮滩环境信息系统实现的总体目标、技术路线,同时阐述基于组件技术实现长江口潮滩环境信息系统的总体思路。     

蟹类底栖动物对河口潮滩无机氮界面交换的影响

以长江河口的沿岸及岛屿潮滩高潮滩湿地为研究区域,结合现场调查和实验室模拟分析,初步研究了大型穴居底栖动物无齿相手蟹(Sesarma denaan)活动对长江口潮滩沉积物-水界面无机氮交换以及界面处氮的生物地球化学循环的影响。结果表明,高潮滩蟹类底栖动物活动对潮滩滩面地貌施加了显著的改造作用,蟹类活动较集中的地段,蟹洞覆盖率达到2%~3%,滩面掘出沉积物高达1~1.5 kg/m2。潮水淹没情况下,小范围内高密度的蟹类活动能通过机体排泄、加强沉积物再悬浮及促进沉积物-水界面溶质交换等方式致使沉积物出现三态无机氮的巨大释放。蟹类活动造成的洞穴结构及对沉积物的翻动混合能增加沉积物中的氧气含量,促进沉积物中有机氮的矿化和NH4 的释放,造成无机氮在沉积物中的剖面分布特征发生较大变化。     

上海市崇明岛农田土壤重金属的环境质量评价(英文)

The environmental quality of heavy metals (Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg) in agricultural surface soil of Chongming Island was assessed by national,local and professional standards based on a large scale investigation,in which 28 samples from vegetable plots,65 samples from paddy fields and 9 samples from watermelon fields were collected from whole island area. Results showed that the average concentration of Pb,Cd,Cr,As and Hg was 21.6 mg·kg-1,0.176 mg·kg-1,69.4 mg·kg-1,9.209 mg·kg-1 and 0.128 mg·kg-1,respectively. Compared with the background value of Shanghai City soil,except for Pb and Cr,all the other heavy metals average concentrations in Chongming Island agricultural surface soil exceeded their corresponding natural-background values. The concentrations of Cd,As and Hg were 33.0%,1.2% and 26.3% higher than the background value of Shanghai City,respectively. In addition,inverse distance interpolation (IDW) tool of GIS was also applied to study the spatial variation of heavy metals. The results indicated that most of agricultural soil quality was good,and the ratio of ecological,good soil,certified soil and disqualified soil were 1.26%,97.1%,1.47% and 0.12%,respectively. About 10.1%,85.7%,27.0%,55.4% and 55.2% soil samples exceeded the Pb,Cd,Cr,As and Hg background value of Shanghai City,respectively. Among these three land use type soils,vegetable soil was most seriously polluted by heavy metals,which is probably related to the over-application of pesticides. The annual deposition fluxes of Pb,Cd,As and Hg were 7736 μg.m-2.a-1,208 μg.m-2.a-1,2238 μg.m-2.a-1 and 52.8 μg.m-2.a-1,respectively. Crop straw burning was the important source of heavy metals of atmospheric deposition,and atmospheric deposition contributed a lot to heavy metals in agricultural soil in Chongming Island.     

大气硝酸盐中氮氧稳定同位素研究进展

受人类活动和工农业快速发展的影响,大气硝酸盐(NO_3^-)污染越来越严重且已成为世界范围内的环境问题之一。探究大气NO_3^-的稳定同位素组成(δ15N,δ18O和Δ17O),可以为深入理解大气氮循环、有效控制大气NO_3^-污染提供有力依据。综述了目前大气NO_3^-不同来源NOx的δ15N值、NO_3^-的δ15N季节变化特征及主要影响因素,总结了大气中不同氧化剂的δ18O值和Δ17O值,归纳了全球范围内部分大气NO_3^-中δ18O值和Δ17O值的时空分布特征及可能影响因素,回顾了NO_3^-同位素分析测试技术的主要进展,在前期工作基础上提出未来大气NO_3^-稳定同位素研究应更多关注NO_3^-的氧化生成机制(不同类型氧化剂同位素组成时空差异)、不同NOx来源的δ15N组成、借助化学模型开展大气NO_3^-循环过程等方面的研究。     

论阿哈湖水铁锰季节性污染机制

论阿哈湖水铁锰季节性污染机制万国江，黄荣贵，陈振楼，普勇，万曦，周兢业（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词环境地球化学，铁锰季节性变化，污染机制，阿哈湖海洋、湖泊沉积物不仅是水环境物质输送后的储存场所，而且其蓄积的一些化学组分可能通过...     

夏季长江河口潮间带反硝化作用和N2O的排放与吸收

采用培养箱乙炔抑制和现场静态箱法,于夏季(7月)在长江河口潮滩潮间带进行了采样,研究表明,长江河口潮滩水体自身N2O产生速率很低,在潮汐淹没期沉积物是上覆水体N2O的来源,其来自沉积物中反硝化、硝化等氮素循环的多个反应过程,沉积物中N2O自然产生速率在0.10～8.50μmol/(m2·h)之间,反硝化速率在21.91～35.87μmol/(m2·h)之间。退潮出露期中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源犤交换速率在-11.03～13.17μmol/(m2·h)之间犦,5～10cm地温是影响N2O排放速率的显著性因素;低潮滩-大气界面N2O排放、吸收速率在-5.75～0.49μmol/(m2·h)之间。总体上看,中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源;而低潮滩对大气N2O有明显的吸收作用。潮滩植被(海三棱草和底栖藻类)的光合作用明显抑制了N2O的排放并可能导致吸收,而其呼吸作用则增加了N2O的排放,潮间带-大气界面N2O的排放和吸收与CO2的排放、吸收有显著的正相关关系。     

胶东矿集区金成矿的地质异常控制

本文以我国最重要的大型金矿集中区之一——胶东矿集区为研究对象,对胶东矿集区的地质异常进行了全面研究,把该区地质异常分为三级,即宏观地质异常、中观地质异常和微观地质异常,并对各级异常的特征进行了深入研究。在此基础上利用地理信息系统(GIS)对胶东矿集区金成矿的地质异常控制进行了研究,并对胶东矿集区地质异常致矿、地质异常控矿和地质异常示矿进行了深刻阐述。同时就胶东矿集区的地质异常准则进行了全面总结,地质异常准则包括：区域构造异常准则、区域岩性组合异常准则、区域地球化学异常准则和区域物探异常准则。     

长江口崇明东滩潮间带甲烷(CH4)排放及其季节变化

2004年5月至2005年4月在长江口崇明东滩湿地采用原位静态箱法对甲烷(CH₄)排放通量进行了现场测定。结果表明,崇明东滩潮间带(CM)是大气CH₄的排放源,且CH₄排放具有明显的季节变化规律,中潮滩(CM-2)7月CH₄排放最多,其通量为9.27 mg/(m²·h),在次年4月排放最少,只有0.03 mg/(m²·h)。低潮滩(CM-3)在春季5月CH₄排放最多,通量为0.09 mg/(m²·h);冬季2月CH₄通量值最低,只有0.002 mg/(m²·h),中、低潮滩CH₄年平均排放通量分别为2.06 mg/(m²·h)和0.04 mg/(m²·h)。