Lead isotope and trace metal characteristics of particulates accumulated on vehicular tunnel ceilings in Hong Kong and Guangzhou, SE China

Ever-increasing accumulation of trace metals in the environment is a serious health concern. This is a valid apprehension particularly in urban settings where the population and the level of trace metal contamination are increasing rapidly. Hong Kong and Guangzhou are the most populated cities in the region of the Pearl River Delta, the fastest growing economic region in the world. In unconfined urban compartments, particulates deposited on the earth surface such as road dusts and gully sediments are good indicators to assess the level of trace metal contamination. In such locations, however, source partitioning of the pollution, which is essential to assess and then reduce the potential environmental risk, is a difficult task. This is mainly due to the complexity and variability of site-specific natural and anthropogenic conditions. This leads us to focus on the particulates accumulated in relatively confined settings, such as vehicular tunnels. Our recent studies demonstrated that particulates accumulated on the ceiling of tunnels are useful to characterize particulates mainly derived from traffic related activities. With this in mind, Pb isotope ratios and trace metal contents of the ceiling dusts from the Cross-Harbor Tunnel （CHT） in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Tunnel （PRT） in Guangzhou were characterized and compared with each other in order to evaluate the environmental impact of traffic derived inorganic pollutants in the region. The ceiling dusts from both tunnels were dominated by silt-sized particles （〈63 μm） which are significantly freer than those of road dusts, usually larger than （〉200 μm）. In general, Cr, Ni, Pb and especially Cu contents of the ceiling dusts from CHT were noticeably higher than those from PRT. This was partly attributed to longer residence time of particulates in CHT, which has been operating since 1976, while the PRT was open to public in 1996. On the other hand, Co, Fe, Mn and Zn contents of the ceiling dusts from CHT were similar to those from PRT, while Ca and Mg contents were noticeably lower.     

河口污染沉积物中生金属释放与迁移的围隔生态系研究

利用围隔式生态实验装置研究了加拿大Ｆａｌｓｅ河口污染沉积物中重金属Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ在海水环境中的行为。实验模拟了４种环境条件：（１）高生产力;（２）低生产力;（３）高悬浮物含量;（４）还原环境,结果表明,污染沉积中重金属在海水环境中的行为既取决于元素自身性质,亦受外界环境条件制约,还原环境能抑制重金属的释放,有助于体系中原有的重金属清降出水柱,低生产力条件下,Ｐｄ、Ｚｎ表现出释放行为,而高生产力和高悬浮物含量条件下,Ｐｄ、Ｚｎ表现出先释放后迁移,而Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ则呈现出相反的图象。研究了实验期间４种重金属释放与迁移的净通量,表明氧化条件下Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ净释放通量比Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ高１～２个量级。研究表明,添加粘土及向还原环境倾倒均有助于减轻污染沉积物倾倒后重金属的二次污染。     

Effectiveness of bacterial inoculum and mangrove plants on remediation of sediment contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

The remediation of mangrove sediment contaminated with mixed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) having 3-, 4- and 5-rings by natural attenuation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation and its combination was compared by greenhouse microcosm studies. At Days 90 and 154, the decreases of PAHs in contaminated mangrove sediment by phytoremediation, planted with one-year old Aegiceras corniculatum, and bioaugmentation, the inoculation of PAH-degrading bacterial strains isolated from mangrove sediment, either SCSH (Mycobacterium parafortuitum) or SAFY (Sphingobium yanoikuyae), were not better than that by natural attenuation (the non-vegetated and un-inoculated microcosms). The populations of SCSH and SAFY in sediment could not be maintained even with repeated inoculation, suggesting that the two isolates were not able to compete with the indigenous microbes and had little enhancement effect. Although some PAHs were accumulated in roots, root uptake only accounted for <15% of the spiked PAHs and the effect of plants on remediation were also insignificant. At the end of the 154-day experiment, the mass balance calculation revealed that the overall losses of PAHs by phytoremediation were comparable to that by bioaugmentation but were lower than that by natural attenuation, especially for the high molecular weight PAHs. Under natural attenuation, around 90% fluorene, 80% phenanthrene, 70% fluoranthene, 68% pyrene and 32% benzo[a]pyrene in contaminated sediment were removed. These results demonstrated that the mangrove sediment itself had sufficient indigenous microorganisms capable of naturally remedying PAH contamination.     

Potential use of mangroves as constructed wetland for municipal sewage treatment in Futian, Shenzhen, China

A pilot-scale mangrove wetland was constructed in Futian, Shenzhen for municipal sewage treatment. Three identical belts (length: 33m, width: 3m, depth: 0.5m) were filled with stone (bottom), gravel and mangrove sand (surface). Seedlings of two native mangrove species (Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum) and one exotic species (Sonneratia caseolaris) were transplanted to the belts with one species for each belt. The hydraulic loading was 5m(3)d(-1) and hydraulic retention time 3d. High levels of removal of COD, BOD(5), TN, TP and NH(3)-N were obtained. The treatment efficiency of S. caseolaris and A. corniculatum was higher than that of K. candel. Faster plant growth was obtained for S. caseolaris. The substrate in the S. caseolaris belt also showed higher enzyme activities including dehydrogenase, cellulase, phosphatase, urease and beta-glucosidase. The removal rates of organic matter and nutrients were positively correlated with plant growth. The results indicated that mangroves could be used in a constructed wetland for municipal sewage treatment, providing post-treatment to remove coliforms was also included.     

2011年长江口-东海P-PN断面碳酸盐体系参数的季节分布特征及影响因素

海水碳酸盐体系参数是反映碳循环调控机理和季节性酸化过程的重要海水化学参数.本文根据2011年3月、7月、11月和12月4个不同季节航次获取的长江口海域海水碳酸盐体系参数,探讨了长江口-东海P断面溶解无机碳(DIC)和总碱度(T A)的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:内陆架区,DIC和T A的平均值均表现为:夏季<秋...     

长江口嵊泗海域生物体内持久性污染物残留量及分布特征

利用2007年10月“908”项目调查期间采集于长江口嵊泗海域的生物样品,采用气相色谱和气相色谱质谱法对其有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量和组分特征进行了定量分析,并结合其它河口地区资料进行了对比,探讨了其残留量和分布特征,结果表明:研究海域各生物体内HCHs的总量水平为(6.0～20.3)×10-9,平均值为12.13×1...     

赤道印度洋中部沉降颗粒物的季节变化特征及调控机制研究

基于2020年1—12月在赤道印度洋中部海域获取的沉积物捕获器时间序列样品,分析了沉降颗粒物与颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon, POC）通量的季节变化特征,并结合卫星遥感、数值模式及再分析数据探究上层物理过程对生物泵输出通量的调控作用。结果表明,2020年赤道印度洋中部海域的沉降颗粒物总通量与颗粒有机碳通量的变化范围分别为4.57~35.75 mg/(m2·d)\[(18.94±10.18) mg/(m2·d)\]和0.27~2.97 mg/(m2·d)\[(1.09±0.66) mg/(m2·d)\],两者均呈现显著的季节变化特征。总体上,1—3月、6月和9—11月呈现出3个显著的高通量事件。通过分析发现混合层深度变化与营养盐跃层波动的耦合作用可能是调控中深层通量变化的主要原因。与此同时,西南季风流（Southwest Monsoon Current, SMC）与赤道Wyrtki急流生消也可能通过改变温跃层或营养盐跃层深度对沉降颗粒物通量强度和季节变化起调控作用。     

立体选择性半合成全甲基化没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯

为了立体选择性合成全甲基化没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(GCG),本文以全甲基化表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)为原料,通过酯水解和Mitsunobu反应立体选择性地合成了构型C-3位翻转的目标产物全甲基化GCG。全甲基化GCG经水解得到5,7,3′,4′,5′-五氧甲基没食子儿茶素(GC),再经Mitsunobu反应得到全甲基化EGCG。经核磁和旋光验证,所合成的全甲基化EGCG与原料全甲基化EGCG相同。核磁测试证实两次Mitsunobu反应产物C-3均发生立体构型翻转。初步细胞实验表明1μmol/L全甲基化GCG与紫杉醇共同作用于P-gp高表达LCC6/MDR乳腺癌耐药细胞株时,紫杉醇IC50为10.1nmol/L,全甲基化GCG逆转倍数(RF)达到13.9。     

海水悬浮颗粒物中不同形态磷的测定

分别采用硫酸过硫酸钾作为氧化剂进行高压消解和用浓度为1 mol/dm³盐酸浸泡提取,然后用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定海水悬浮颗粒物、沉积物中的总磷和无机磷,用差减法得到有机磷。悬浮颗粒物总磷(PTP)和无机磷(PIP)质量浓度分别为(632.4～651.7)×10^-6和(436.6～452.6)×10^-6时,其相对标准偏差小于1.44%。悬浮颗粒物总磷、无机磷和有机磷的回收率分别为97.2%～101.3%,97.8%～100.4%和97.3%～102.3%。所建立的分析方法可用于海水、河口水悬浮颗粒物及沉积物中不同形态磷的测定。     

中德合作南海现代沉积作用过程研究进展

自１９８７年起，由国家海洋局第二海洋研究所与德国汉堡大学生物地球化学与海洋化学研究所利用先进的时间系列沉积捕获器开展了南海现代沉积作用过程研究。本文从科学依据，研究方法，技术路线、研究成果从展望阐述了本项目的研究进展。